{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T07:11:25Z","timestamp":1776755485973,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]],"date-time":"2015-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences Charles Darwin University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012661","name":"Menzies School of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anecdotes of nicotine replacement therapy patch misuse associated with the introduction of smoke\u2010free prisons have been reported by media internationally, including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anada in 2006, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ew <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Z<\/jats:styled-content>ealand in 2011 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia in 2014. This study identifies chemical compounds released through diverted nicotine replacement therapy patches when they are smoked.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two samples were produced: (i) shredded 21\u2009mg nicotine replacement therapy patches rolled with tea leaves into a cigarette; and (ii) patches boiled in water and tea leaves, and then dried tea leaves rolled into a cigarette. The smoke was tested for nicotine, caffeine and toxins. High\u2010performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and spectrophotometry were used to detect the presence and quantity of nicotine and caffeine. A specialised laboratory was contracted to test the presence of toxins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nicotine was liberated when the two samples were burnt but not if the nicotine replacement therapy patches were boiled in water alone. High concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, toluene, xylene and heavy metals were also released.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nicotine is released when diverted nicotine replacement therapy patches are smoked, as are caffeine and harmful toxins. These toxins have the potential to cause short\u2010 and long\u2010term health damage. <jats:italic>[Morrissey H, Ball P, Boland M, Hefler M, Thomas DP. Constituents of smoke from cigarettes made from diverted nicotine replacement therapy patches.<\/jats:italic> Drug Alcohol Rev <jats:italic>2016;35:206\u201311]<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]],"date-time":"2015-06-19T07:12:14Z","timestamp":1434697934000},"page":"206-211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Constituents of smoke from cigarettes made from diverted nicotine replacement therapy patches"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Hana","family":"Morrissey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences Charles Darwin University  Darwin Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences Charles Darwin University  Darwin Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Boland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences Charles Darwin University  Darwin Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marita","family":"Hefler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tobacco Control Research Program Menzies School of Health Research Royal Darwin Hospital  Darwin Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tobacco Control Research Program Menzies School of Health Research Royal Darwin Hospital  Darwin Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06293.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"Anon.Nicotine patches going up in smoke: Alberta prison guards. 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