{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T23:06:22Z","timestamp":1771455982584,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,30]],"date-time":"2015-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Research Fellowship","award":["1013803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1013803"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Research Fellowship","award":["1041472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1041472"]}]},{"name":"Substance Misuse Prevention and Service Improvements Grant Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Codeine dependence is an emerging public health concern, yet no studies have specifically examined the treatment of codeine dependence. Given the lower potency of codeine it cannot be assumed that buprenorphine dose requirements for heroin dependence will generalise to codeine. This is the first study to examine buprenorphine treatment for codeine dependence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective case series of 19 codeine\u2010dependent treatment entrants who received sublingual buprenorphine maintenance treatment through six specialist inpatient and outpatient treatment centres. Baseline codeine doses and buprenorphine dose at days 7 and 28 were collected, in addition to details on general demographics, pain and mental health, substance use and outcomes after 28 days of buprenorphine treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant linear relationship was found between initial codeine dose and dose of buprenorphine given at days 7 and 28 for the codeine dose range of 50\u2013960 mg day<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (mean: 564 mg; 95% confidence interval 431\u2013696 mg). Median buprenorphine dose was 12.0 mg (interquartile range 9.5 mg, range 4\u201332 mg) at day 7 and 16.0 mg (interquartile range 13.5 mg, range 4\u201332 mg) at day 28. Buprenorphine doses received were markedly higher than estimated codeine doses based on standard dose conversion tables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>With increasing presentations relating to codeine dependence, these findings provide important guidance to clinicians. Buprenorphine doses were consistently higher than doses estimated based on the dose of codeine consumed, and were comparable with doses used in the treatment of dependence with heroin and more potent prescription opioids. <jats:italic>[Nielsen S, Bruno R, Murnion B, Dunlop A, Degenhardt L, Demirkol A, Muhleisen P, Lintzeris N. Treating codeine dependence with buprenorphine: Dose requirements and induction outcomes from a retrospective case series in New South Wales, Australia.<\/jats:italic> Drug Alcohol Rev <jats:italic>2015]<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,30]],"date-time":"2015-07-30T07:29:44Z","timestamp":1438241384000},"page":"70-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Treating codeine dependence with buprenorphine: Dose requirements and induction outcomes from a retrospective case series in <scp>N<\/scp>ew <scp>S<\/scp>outh <scp>W<\/scp>ales, <scp>A<\/scp>ustralia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Addiction Medicine University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Drug and Alcohol Services South Eastern Sydney Local Health District  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6673-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimondo","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Tasmania  Hobart Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bridin","family":"Murnion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Addiction Medicine University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Dunlop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"District Drug and Alcohol Clinical Services Hunter New England Local Health Services  Newcastle West Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health (Medicine) University of Newcastle  Newcastle Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Global Health School of Public Health University of Washington  Seattle USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Apo","family":"Demirkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug and Alcohol Services South Eastern Sydney Local Health District  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Community Medicine University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Muhleisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"District Drug and Alcohol Clinical Services Hunter New England Local Health Services  Newcastle West Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Lintzeris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Addiction Medicine University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Drug and Alcohol Services South Eastern Sydney Local Health District  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"International Narcotics Control Board.Narcotic Drugs Estimated World Requirements for 2012. 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