{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T21:35:23Z","timestamp":1769636123494,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Research Fellowships","award":["1041472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1041472"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Research Fellowships","award":["1073858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1073858"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Research Fellowships","award":["1045318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1045318"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Around 65% of people incarcerated in prisons in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralia, America and Europe have a history of drug dependence, sometimes treated with opioid substitution treatment (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OST<\/jats:styled-content>) medications. Studies report that those in treatment in prison do engage in some level of diversion to others, whether on a voluntary or coerced basis. We aimed to examine the use of prescribed and non\u2010prescribed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OST<\/jats:styled-content> medications by those in prisons, especially buprenorphine\u2013naloxone film (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNX<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>); the extent of non\u2010adherence and diversion and reasons for such practices; and the impact of the introduction of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNX<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content> into the prison system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mixed methods study drawing on: (i) structured interviews with current <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OST<\/jats:styled-content> clients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200960) who reported being incarcerated in the 12 months prior to being interviewed and (ii) qualitative interviews with key experts working in corrections and prison (or justice) health settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority were prescribed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OST<\/jats:styled-content> medications in prison, with 25% removing all or part of their supervised dose on at least one occasion, and 44% reporting use of non\u2010prescribed medications. Some reported intravenous use (14% injected). One\u2010third of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OST<\/jats:styled-content> recipients reported selling\/sharing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OST<\/jats:styled-content> medications with others in prison. The introduction of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BNX<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content> into the prison system saw different diversion methods used and removal from dosing within prison.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite prison being a highly regulated and controlled environment, some level of diversion and sharing of psychoactive medication occurs among prisoners. The buprenorphine formulations used in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OST<\/jats:styled-content> present particular challenges with respect to supervised dosing in this setting. <jats:italic>[White N, Ali R, Larance B, Zador D, Mattick RP, Degenhardt L. The extramedical use and diversion of opioid substitution medications and other medications in prison settings in Australia following the introduction of buprenorphine\u2013naloxone film.<\/jats:italic> Drug Alcohol Rev <jats:italic>2015;\u25cf\u25cf:\u25cf\u25cf\u2013\u25cf\u25cf]<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T17:49:15Z","timestamp":1441216155000},"page":"76-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The extramedical use and diversion of opioid substitution medications and other medications in prison settings in <scp>A<\/scp>ustralia following the introduction of buprenorphine\u2013naloxone film"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2301-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pharmacology School of Medical Sciences University of Adelaide  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pharmacology School of Medical Sciences University of Adelaide  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Briony","family":"Larance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Zador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Mattick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2010.00216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-7-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.National Opioid Pharmacotherapy Statistics Annual Data Collection 2012 (Drug Treatment Series 20). Canberra: AIHW 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004666"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"LarneyS TosonB BurnsL DolanK.Opioid substitution treatment in prison and post\u2010release: effects on criminal recidivism and mortality. NDLERF Monograph Series No. 37 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Prescription drug use among detainees: prevalence, sources and links to crime. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice: No. 423","author":"McGregor C","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00187-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Opioid substitution therapy in prisons: reviewing the evidence","author":"Betteridge G","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12536"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03618.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2013.818519"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2010.00283.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-10-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","volume-title":"Tackling prison drug markets: an exploratory qualitative study","author":"Penfold C","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"Behind bars II: substance abuse and America's prison population","author":"The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"The prison opiate dependence treatment trial","author":"Shearer J","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"World prison population list","author":"Warmsley R","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"The health of Australia's prisoners 2012","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01085.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"Drug use among prisoners: an exploratory study","author":"Dillon L","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdar.12317","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.12317","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T15:44:54Z","timestamp":1695656694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.12317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.12317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.12317","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-04-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-06-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-09-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}