{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T16:28:16Z","timestamp":1774888096898,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]],"date-time":"2016-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Strategy Branch of Queensland Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite over\u2010representation of Indigenous Australians in sentinel studies of injecting drug use, little is known about relevant patterns of drug use and dependence. This study compares drug dependence and possible contributing factors in Indigenous and non\u2010Indigenous Australians who inject drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respondent\u2010driven sampling was used in major cities and \u2018peer recruitment\u2019 in regional towns of Queensland to obtain a community sample of Indigenous (n\u2009=\u2009282) and non\u2010Indigenous (n\u2009=\u2009267) injectors. Data are cross sectional. Multinomial models were developed for each group to examine types of dependence on injected drugs (no dependence, methamphetamine\u2010dependent only, opioid\u2010dependent only, dependent on methamphetamine and opioids).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Around one\u2010fifth of Indigenous and non\u2010Indigenous injectors were dependent on both methamphetamine and opioids in the previous 12\u2009months. Psychological distress was associated with dual dependence on these drugs for Indigenous [adjusted relative risk (ARR) 4.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.08\u201311.34] and non\u2010Indigenous (ARR 4.14, 95% CI 1.59\u201310.78) participants. Unemployment (ARR 8.98, 95% CI 2.25\u201335.82) and repeated (&gt; once) incarceration as an adult (ARR 3.78, 95% CI 1.43\u20139.97) were associated with dual dependence for Indigenous participants only. Indigenous participants had high rates of alcohol dependence, except for those dependent on opioids only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The drug dependence patterns of Indigenous and non\u2010Indigenous people who inject drugs were similar, including the proportions dependent on both methamphetamine and opioids. However, for Indigenous injectors, there was a stronger association between drug dependence and contextual factors such as unemployment and incarceration. Expansion of treatment options and community\u2010level programs may be required. [Smirnov A, Kemp R, Ward J, Henderson S, Williams S, Dev A, Najman J M. Patterns of drug dependence in a Queensland (Australia) sample of Indigenous and non\u2010Indigenous people who inject drugs. <jats:italic>Drug Alcohol Rev<\/jats:italic> 2016;35:611\u2010619]<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T04:06:51Z","timestamp":1464667611000},"page":"611-619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Patterns of drug dependence in a Queensland (Australia) sample of Indigenous and non\u2010Indigenous people who inject drugs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Smirnov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland School of Public Health Queensland Alcohol and Drug Research and Education Centre  Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"Communicable Diseases Unit, Chief Health Officer Branch, Department of Health Queensland Government  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Diseases Unit, Chief Health Officer Branch, Department of Health Queensland Government  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanna","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland School of Public Health Queensland Alcohol and Drug Research and Education Centre  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sidney","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Aboriginal and Islander Health Council  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhilash","family":"Dev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Diseases Unit, Chief Health Officer Branch, Department of Health Queensland Government  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jake M.","family":"Najman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland School of Public Health Queensland Alcohol and Drug Research and Education Centre  Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"The University of Queensland School of Social Science  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS)","author":"Stafford J","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Australian needle and syringe program national data report 2009\u20132013","author":"Iversen J","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Injecting drug use and associated harms among Aboriginal Australians","author":"Kratzmann M","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080500391803"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066351003695631"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2012.00884.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-012-9393-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-144"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.06.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239996761"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Respondent\u2010Driven Sampling Analysis Tool (RDSAT) Version 7.1","author":"Volz E","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2009.01216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1995.9056072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2011.00405.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230601146611"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.931116816.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02953.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"270","article-title":"Estimation of cutoff for the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for opiate dependence by ROC analysis","volume":"38","author":"Castillo II","year":"2010","journal-title":"Actas Esp Psiquiatri"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(01)00296-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005200050241"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796004382"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1234-988X(199610)6:3<167::AID-MPR159>3.3.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048674.2010.543654"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415569802"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-009-9172-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00028.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-015-0303-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12646"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0226-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.027540-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080701801543"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","volume-title":"An economic analysis for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander offenders: prison vs residential treatment","author":"Deloitte Access Economics","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/HE12923"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12068"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2012.00525.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1584.2009.01060.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2007.00113.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0349.2011.00795.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00981389.2011.581745"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta11090"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230600644699"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02090.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990903108215"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200721030-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ap.12025"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdar.12392","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdar.12392","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.12392","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T09:22:11Z","timestamp":1696324931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.12392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.12392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.12392","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-12-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-01-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-05-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}