{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:47:47Z","timestamp":1787014067652,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,11]],"date-time":"2016-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concerns about crystal methamphetamine use and harm have increased in multiple countries. This paper describes how changes in the availability and use of crystal methamphetamine have impacted on methamphetamine\u2010related harms in Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on methamphetamine use were obtained from population\u2010level surveys, health service data and surveys of drug use among sentinel groups of ecstasy users and people who inject drugs. Data were obtained on seizures, arrests, clandestine laboratory detections, hospital separations, mental health unit admissions, drug telephone helpline calls and drug treatment episodes. Segmented linear regression models were fitted to identify changes in these series using log\u2010transformed data where appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The availability of crystal methamphetamine has increased as evidenced by increased laboratory detections, domestic seizures and purity of the seized drug. Population surveys do not report an increase in the number of people who used at least once in the past year. However, more users report using crystal methamphetamine rather than lower\u2010purity powder methamphetamine and more regular use. Indicators of methamphetamine\u2010related harms have increased in parallel with this change. Amphetamine\u2010related helpline calls, drug treatment, arrests and hospital admissions for amphetamine disorders and psychosis all peaked in the mid\u20102000s, declined for several years and have increased steeply since 2010.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increased availability and use of crystal methamphetamine have been associated with increased regular use and harms. Treatment is required for those experiencing problems and the capacity of health services to provide care needs to be enhanced.[Degenhardt L, Sara G, Connor JP, McKetin R, Roxburgh A, Dobbins T, Farrell M, Burns L, Hall WD. Crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine\u2010related harms in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:160\u2013170]<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,11]],"date-time":"2016-06-11T03:41:48Z","timestamp":1465616508000},"page":"160-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Crystalline methamphetamine use and methamphetamine\u2010related harms in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Louisa","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Australia Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Sara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Medical School, Northern Clinical School University of Sydney Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"McKetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Research Institute Curtin University Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Roxburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Australia Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Dobbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Australia Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Australia Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucinda","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Australia Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne D.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research University of Queensland Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"UNODC.World Drug Report 2015.Vienna:United Nations 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230801923702"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2009.00160.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01496.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00195.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2007.tb00933.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of amphetamine\u2010\u2010and methamphetamine\u2010induced psychosis","volume":"32","author":"Hartel\u2010Petri R","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatr Prax"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01874.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"McKetinR McLarenJ RiddellS RobinsL.The relationship between methamphetamine use and violent behaviour. 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