{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T04:30:42Z","timestamp":1773808242164,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]],"date-time":"2017-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acetyl fentanyl, a fentanyl analogue emerging onto the recreational drug scene, has been responsible for numerous recent fatal overdoses in the USA, Europe and Russia. Studies reporting acetyl fentanyl use are presently limited to case studies and mortality reports. This study explores the nature of acetyl fentanyl use through the collection of first\u2010hand qualitative data from users to inform public health and drug control policy responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A series of focus group interviews within a correctional setting\u2014Delaware County (Ohio) Jail, USA. Participants were 102 individuals in one of two US Bureau of Justice Assistance Second Chance Act substance use treatment initiatives participating in at least one focus group session. Five of these individuals reported acetyl fentanyl use. Semi\u2010structured qualitative focus group sessions queried subjects' drugs of choice and nature of drug use. Responses were explored through follow\u2010up organic discourse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acetyl fentanyl users were generally unaware that they had administered the substance until after use (initially believing that they were administering heroin). They described the effects of acetyl fentanyl as stronger and qualitatively different from heroin. These individuals showed no interest in using acetyl fentanyl again describing it as unpleasant and more risky, both because of potency and the threat of a \u2018bad batch\u2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acetyl fentanyl is reaching heroin users, some of which administer it unknowingly. Regulation of acetyl fentanyl is recommended in all countries as is increasing public awareness that the substance is distinct from and being sold as heroin. [Miller JM, Stogner JM, Miller BL, Blough S. Exploring synthetic heroin: Accounts of acetyl fentanyl use from a sample of dually diagnosed drug offenders. <jats:italic>Drug Alcohol Rev<\/jats:italic> 2018;37:121\u2013127]<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]],"date-time":"2017-03-28T06:32:39Z","timestamp":1490682759000},"page":"121-127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Exploring synthetic heroin: Accounts of acetyl fentanyl use from a sample of dually diagnosed drug offenders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"J. Mitchell","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice University of North Florida  Jacksonville USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2821-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Stogner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology University of North Carolina Charlotte  Charlotte USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan Lee","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology Georgia Southern University  Statesboro USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Blough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Criminal Justice and Social Sciences Tiffin University  Tiffin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Novel Psychoactive Substances: Classification, Pharmacology and Toxicology","author":"Dargan P","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","article-title":"Emerging trends in drug use and distribution","volume":"12","author":"Khey DN","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springer Science & Business Media"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2012.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2015.1118173","article-title":"Exploring butane hash oil use: a research note","volume":"48","author":"Miller BL","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2015.1118173"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"531","article-title":"Notes from the field: increase in fentanyl\u2010related overdose deaths\u2014Rhode Island, November 2013\u2013March 2014","volume":"63","author":"Mercado\u2010Crespo MC","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","article-title":"EU early warning system alert: subject: 2 deaths associated with acetylfentanyl in the United Kingdom","author":"Evans\u2010Brown M","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061934815020124"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Acetylfentanyl critical review report expert committee on drug dependence thirty\u2010seventh meeting Geneva.2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885515605482"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-007-0039-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration.Acetyl fentanyl (N\u2010(1\u2010phenethylpiperidin\u20104\u2010yl)\u2010N\u2010phenylacetamide) December 2013. 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