{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T14:23:46Z","timestamp":1762352626676,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Office of Mental Health"},{"name":"Social Health and Addiction Department of Ministry of Health and Medical Education"},{"name":"Islamic Republic of Iran"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we used a \u2018coarsened exact matching\u2019 method to evaluate the relationship between two levels of needle and syringe program (NSP) utilisation and HIV\u2010related risk behaviours among people who inject drugs (PWID).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using snowball sampling, we recruited 500 PWID (all male) in Kermanshah City, Iran between September and December 2014 in a cross\u2010sectional survey. We categorised participants into two groups, including high (i.e. receiving 60% or more of their syringes from an NSP) and low (i.e. receiving less than 60% of their syringes from NSP) NSP users. Then, we applied coarsened exact matching to match the two groups based on confounding covariates (age, place of residence, income, receiving methadone maintenance treatment) and made statistically equivalent comparison groups to estimate the effect of the NSP on injection risk behaviours.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with low NSP use were more likely to report borrowing syringes in past 2\u2009months (odds ratio [OR] 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30, 1.86; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.04), in comparison with participants with high NSP use. Regarding recent syringe lending, low NSP use was also significantly and positively associated with this outcome (OR 3.34; 95% CI 1.70, 5.20; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u20090.02). Reusing one's own syringe was reported more frequently in low NSP use group (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.22, 3.97; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>NSPs are a promising approach to reduce injection\u2010related risk behaviours among PWID in Kermanshah, Iran. Expanded coverage of high\u2010quality NSPs is recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,23]],"date-time":"2017-12-23T15:49:38Z","timestamp":1514044178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Do needle and syringe programs reduce risky behaviours among people who inject drugs in Kermanshah City, Iran? A coarsened exact matching approach"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Noroozi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon D. 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