{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:34:59Z","timestamp":1790192099538,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council (MRC) National Prevention Research Initiative, Scotland"},{"name":"International Development Research Centre, Canada"},{"name":"Health Promotion Agency, New Zealand"},{"name":"UK Centre for Tobacco & Alcohol Studies"},{"name":"International Health Policy Program and Center for Alcohol Studies, Thai Health Promotion Foundation, Thailand"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To report data on the implementation of alcohol policies regarding availability and marketing, and drink driving, along with ratings of enforcement from two small high\u2010income to three high\u2010middle income countries, and one low\u2010middle income country.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study uses the Alcohol Environment Protocol, an International Alcohol Control study research tool, which documents the alcohol policy environment by standardised collection of data from administrative sources, observational studies and interviews with key informants to allow for cross\u2010country comparison and change over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All countries showed adoption to varying extents of key effective policy approaches outlined in the <jats:italic>World Health Organization Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol<\/jats:italic> (2010). High\u2010income countries were more likely to allocate resources to enforcement. However, where enforcement and implementation were high, policy on availability was fairly liberal. Key Informants judged alcohol to be very available in both high\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries, reflecting liberal policy in the former and less implementation and enforcement and informal (unlicensed) sale of alcohol in the latter. Marketing was largely unrestricted in all countries and while drink\u2010driving legislation was in place, it was less well enforced in middle\u2010income countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In countries with fewer resources, alcohol policies are less effective because of lack of implementation and enforcement and, in the case of marketing, lack of regulation. This has implications for the increase in consumption taking place as a result of the expanding distribution and marketing of commercial alcohol and consequent increases in alcohol\u2010related harm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T07:16:47Z","timestamp":1515050207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Alcohol Environment Protocol: A new tool for alcohol policy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2211-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Casswell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SHORE &amp; Whariki Research Centre Massey University  Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"UK Centre for Tobacco &amp; Alcohol Studies  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neo","family":"Morojele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit Medical Research Council  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petal Petersen","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit Medical Research Council  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5863-9382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surasak","family":"Chaiyasong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion Policy Research Center International Health Policy Program  Nonthaburi Thailand"},{"name":"Social Pharmacy Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy Mahasarakham University  Maha Sarakham Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marketing and Management, Faculty of Business and Economics Macquarie University  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaile","family":"Gray\u2010Phillip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Kitts\u2010Nevis National Council on Drug Abuse Prevention Secretariat  Basseterre St. Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pham","family":"Viet Cuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanoi University of Public Health  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Marie","family":"MacKintosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Kitts\u2010Nevis National Council on Drug Abuse Prevention Secretariat  Basseterre St. Kitts and Nevis"},{"name":"RAPHA Healthcare Services North Carolina  Durham USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Railton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SHORE &amp; Whariki Research Centre Massey University  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Randerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SHORE &amp; Whariki Research Centre Massey University  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9787-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles D. 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