{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:37:09Z","timestamp":1768689429601,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]],"date-time":"2018-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Department of Health, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a current epidemic of pharmaceutical opioid (PO) misuse, particularly fentanyl and fentanyl analogues, globally. Fentanyl is a highly potent synthetic opioid with rapid onset and significantly higher risk of overdose compared with other opioids. Contexts and correlates of fentanyl use among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Australia are under\u2010researched.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Australian Needle Syringe Program Survey is conducted annually. Consenting PWID complete a self\u2010administered questionnaire and provide a capillary dried blood spot for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus antibody testing. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions determined correlates of recent (last 6 months) fentanyl injection in 2014.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent fentanyl injection was reported by 8% (n = 193) of the total sample. Among the 848 PWID who recently injected POs, 23% injected fentanyl. Compared with PO injectors who had not injected fentanyl, those who had injected fentanyl were significantly more likely to identify as Indigenous Australian [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 2.51; P = 0.034], inject daily or more frequently (AOR 1.92; 95% CI 1.30, 2.83; P = 0.005), inject in public (AOR 1.43; 95% CI 1.01, 2.02; P = 0.042) and to have overdosed in the past year (AOR 2.16; 95% CI 1.48, 3.13; P &lt; 0.001), but were significantly less likely to receptively share syringes (AOR 0.56; 95% CI 0.36, 0.87; P = 0.010).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fentanyl injectors in Australia are significantly more likely to identify as Indigenous, report frequent injection, inject in public and experience overdose. Increased access to harm reduction interventions, including naloxone distribution, wheel filters and supervised injection facilities, are likely to benefit this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]],"date-time":"2018-02-06T06:26:49Z","timestamp":1517898409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Intravenous fentanyl use among people who inject drugs in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5782-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Geddes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Hepatitis Epidemiology and Prevention Program The Kirby Institute for Immunity and Infection, UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Hepatitis Epidemiology and Prevention Program The Kirby Institute for Immunity and Infection, UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Memedovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Hepatitis Epidemiology and Prevention Program The Kirby Institute for Immunity and Infection, UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Hepatitis Epidemiology and Prevention Program The Kirby Institute for Immunity and Infection, UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13961"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt196563279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"National Prescribing Service (AU). 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