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Thus, among current AAS users, we sought to determine whether, and to what extent, social physique anxiety\u2014an established measure of appearance concern\u2014was associated with psychological dysfunction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interviews were conducted with a sample of 74 male AAS users living in Australia. Users completed self\u2010report instruments of the severity of AAS dependence, depression, hazardous and risky drinking, use of non\u2010AAS illicit drugs, psychological side\u2010effects due to AAS use and abnormal test results due to AAS use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multivariate analyses revealed that greater social physique anxiety was uniquely associated with more severe symptoms of both AAS dependence and depression. Moreover, the effect size of these relationships was large. Social physique anxiety was not associated with hazardous or risky drinking, non\u2010AAS illicit drug use, psychological side\u2010effects or abnormal test results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limitations notwithstanding, the study is consistent with the notion that AAS users who experience appearance concerns are at heightened risk of co\u2010morbid psychological dysfunction. Given trends indicating an increase in the prevalence of AAS use in Australia and elsewhere, the findings suggest that health\u2010care systems may need to consider prioritising the sub\u2010population of AAS users who experience appearance concerns. Further investigation of the clinical syndrome of AAS dependence is required, including its relation to body image and eating disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T05:32:39Z","timestamp":1519709559000},"page":"664-670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Physical appearance concerns are uniquely associated with the severity of steroid dependence and depression in anabolic\u2013androgenic steroid users"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6366-3560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5910-853X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"Jacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8513-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart B.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of California  San Francisco USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briony","family":"Larance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre University of New South Wales  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"MemedovicS IversenJ GeddesL MaherL. 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