{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T06:10:45Z","timestamp":1764828645447,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1132433","APP1070140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1132433","APP1070140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008561","name":"Burnet Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>North America has witnessed a dramatic rise in fatal opioid overdoses due to the unwitting consumption of non\u2010pharmaceutical fentanyl and its analogues. While some of the drivers of this crisis\u2014including profitability and access to high\u2010potency opioids through internet sources\u2014also apply in Australia, to our knowledge, there have been no ongoing surveillance studies of local populations. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to detect unintentional fentanyl consumption among people who inject heroin through instant urine screening, and determine the feasibility and acceptability of voluntary urinalysis of clients at the Medically Supervised Injecting Centre, Kings Cross, Sydney.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brief surveys and urine drug screens were conducted with 67 participants in Wave 1 (October 2017) and 51 participants in Wave 2 (March 2018). Urine samples were tested with BTNX Rapid Response\u2122 fentanyl urine strip test at a detection level of 20 ng\/mL norfentanyl. These strips also cross\u2010react to numerous fentanyl analogues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no cases where positive urine tests suggested unwitting fentanyl use detected in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These negative findings contrast sharply with similar Canadian studies. While no cases of fentanyl\u2010laced heroin use have been detected so far, we have demonstrated that this surveillance design is low\u2010cost, feasible and scalable approach to monitoring the considerable public\u2010health threat of undetected fentanyl and its analogues in Australia. Further validation of cross\u2010reactivity of test strips would strengthen this method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,6]],"date-time":"2018-10-06T07:21:22Z","timestamp":1538810482000},"page":"847-850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Urine drug screening for early detection of unwitting use of fentanyl and its analogues among people who inject heroin in Sydney, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1015-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica J.","family":"Barratt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University  Perth Australia"},{"name":"Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Latimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniting Medically Supervised Injecting Centre  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Jauncey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniting Medically Supervised Injecting Centre  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1947-0267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent's Hospital  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5341-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2018.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"BurdonD.Warning for Canberra's drug users this summer after deadly opiate made it to Australia Canberra times.2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"MirandaC.Rise in dark web drugs sparks fears in Australia of an likely epidemic. 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