{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T08:48:03Z","timestamp":1780649283567,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["409966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["409966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Once involved in the criminal justice system, people who inject drugs (PWID) have a high probability of multiple system encounters. Imprisonment typically fails to rehabilitate PWID, who upon return to the community are at considerable risk of returning to injecting drug use (IDU) and poor health and social outcomes. We examined the effect of IDU resumption, and a suite of other sociodemographic, criminogenic, health and behavioural indicators, on the timing of reincarceration among adults with a history of IDU following release from prison.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Structured interviews were conducted with 561 PWID in Queensland, Australia prior to release from prison and approximately 1, 3 and 6 months post\u2010release. Data were linked prospectively with correctional records and the National Death Index. Data collected at multiple time\u2010points were treated as time\u2010varying covariates. Kaplan\u2013Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the rate and hazards of reincarceration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty\u2010eight percent of participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u2009350) were reincarcerated over a combined observation time of 1043.5 years, representing a rate of 33.5 per 100 person\u2010years (95% confidence interval [CI] 30.2\u201337.2). Time\u2010invariant predictors of reincarceration in PWID were: male gender (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]\u2009= 1.62, 95% CI 1.19\u20132.21), older age at release (AHR\u2009= 0.97, 95% CI 0.95\u20131.00), previous adult (AHR\u2009= 2.00, 95% CI 1.41\u20132.84) or juvenile (AHR\u2009= 1.78, 95% CI 1.27\u20132.49) imprisonment, shorter imprisonment (\u226490\u2009days vs. &gt;365\u2009days, AHR\u2009= 2.09, 95% CI 1.30\u20133.34), release on parole (AHR\u2009= 2.29, 95% CI 1.82\u20132.88) and drug\u2010related sentence (AHR\u2009= 1.84, 95% CI 1.34\u20132.53). Time\u2010varying predictors included resumption of IDU (AHR\u2009= 2.04, 95% CI 1.60\u20132.61), unemployment (AHR\u2009= 1.53, 95% CI 1.07\u20132.19) and low perceived social support (AHR\u2009= 1.41, 95% CI 1.05\u20131.90). Very\u2010high psychological distress at the most recent interview was protective against reincarceration (AHR\u2009= 0.65, 95% CI 0.44\u20130.95).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Efforts to prevent resumption of IDU and address disadvantage, social inclusion and health service access in ex\u2010prisoners through the scale\u2010up and integration of prison\u2010based and post\u2010release interventions are likely to reap both public health and criminal justice benefits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,20]],"date-time":"2018-12-20T01:14:23Z","timestamp":1545268463000},"page":"254-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Injecting drug use is an independent risk factor for reincarceration after release from prison: A prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2067-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Winter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Stoov\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Agius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Judith Lumley Centre La Trobe University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret E.","family":"Hellard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3956-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart A.","family":"Kinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Griffith Criminology Institute and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University  Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"Melbourne School of Population and Global Health The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Mater Research Institute University of Queensland  Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health Murdoch Childrens Research Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1151\/spp03214"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12324"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160208401818"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.95579114.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02387.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12938"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-007-9134-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-156"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61053-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17449200600935711"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.02990.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-015-0022-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of housing in preventing re\u2010offending","volume":"36","author":"Baldry E","year":"2004","journal-title":"AHURI Res Policy Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2010.535553"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"Skar\u00f0hamarT TelleK. 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