{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:58:24Z","timestamp":1747184304376,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Department of Health, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#1041472","#1109366","#1073858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1041472","#1109366","#1073858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Needle\u2010syringe programs (NSP) are an underutilized source of data on drug injection trends; these data are essential for informing public health interventions. We examine trends in NSP service occasions from 2007\u20132015.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using standardised data from 26 NSP outlets through the Queensland NSP Minimum Data Set (QNSPMDS), trends in service occasions among clients intending to inject methamphetamine, heroin, opioid substitution therapy (OST) medications and other pharmaceutical opioids were assessed using multilevel mixed\u2010effects negative binomial regression, adjusting for month, year, age and clustering by site.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over 1.5 million service occasions were recorded in 2007\u20132015. Methamphetamine was the main \u2018drug intended to inject\u2019 (33.7%), however cf. 2007, the incidence rate ratio decreased to 0.64 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.66) in 2009, remaining low until 2015. Among clients reporting methamphetamine injection, there was a shift in the form from base to the higher\u2010potency crystal methamphetamine since 2012. Heroin injection (22.5% service occasions) initially increased (cf. 2007), followed by a decline to 0.77 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.79) in 2015. Significant and sustained increases in OST and other pharmaceutical opioids injection were observed throughout the study period, accounting for 7.2% and 19.8% of total visits, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The QNSPMDS provides unique, routinely collected, jurisdiction\u2010wide and standardised data on the demographics of people who inject drugs, types of drugs injected and regional variations; these data are essential in informing policy, planning and program implementation. There remains significant opportunity to enhance engagement and linkage to care alongside needle\u2010syringe provision.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T06:54:27Z","timestamp":1550127267000},"page":"159-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in methamphetamine and opioid use among clients of needle\u2010syringe programs in Queensland, Australia: 2007\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5910-853X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"Jacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Kirby Institute UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Diseases Branch Queensland Health  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8513-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa","family":"Degenhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine (Psychology) University of Tasmania  Hobart Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2009-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Clare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6673-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimondo","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine (Psychology) University of Tasmania  Hobart Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhilash","family":"Dev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chief Medical Officer and Healthcare Regulation Branch Queensland Health  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluwadamisola","family":"Sotade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3800-7673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Briony","family":"Larance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology University of Wollongong  Wollongong Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2012-201170"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2008.00163.x"},{"volume-title":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. 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