{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T16:28:57Z","timestamp":1778603337516,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA042290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA042290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the US, benzodiazepine overdose deaths increased at an alarming rate in the past two decades. Benzodiazepines were also the most common drugs involved in prescription opioid overdose deaths. Benzodiazepine prescribing has been monitored by Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs), but little was known about whether PDMPs reduced drug overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used a difference\u2010in\u2010difference design with state\u2010quarter aggregate data on drug overdose deaths. The primary data source was Mortality Multiple Cause Files in 1999\u20132016. Three age\u2010adjusted rates of drug overdose deaths were examined, including those involving benzodiazepines, those involving prescription opioids, and those involving both benzodiazepines and prescription opioids. The policy variables included PDMP data access for benzodiazepines and mandatory use of PDMP data for benzodiazepines. Linear multivariable regressions were used to assess the associations of PDMP policies specific to benzodiazepines with drug overdose death rates, controlling for other state\u2010level policy and socioeconomic factors, state and time fixed effects, and state\u2010specific time trends.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No significant associations were found between PDMP data access for benzodiazepines and changes in drug overdose death rates involving benzodiazepines and\/or prescription opioids. Similarly, no significant associations were found between mandatory use of PDMP data for benzodiazepines and changes in drug overdose death outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study suggested no evidence that PDMP policies specific to benzodiazepines were associated with reduction in benzodiazepine overdose death rates. Future research is warranted to examine detailed features of PDMPs and continuously monitor the impacts of PDMP policies on benzodiazepine\u2010related consequences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T08:57:50Z","timestamp":1563440270000},"page":"494-502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prescription drug monitoring programs and drug overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines and prescription opioids"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Di","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health University of California San Diego  La Jolla USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9293-0659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health University of California San Diego  La Jolla USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e6231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.3.5.485"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11533170-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0919"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2003.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000738"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9479612.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2698"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"NIDA.2018. 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