{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T10:47:06Z","timestamp":1791542826006,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,8]],"date-time":"2019-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000589","name":"Chief Scientist Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HIPS\/16\/49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIPS\/16\/49"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reducing the legal drink\u2010drive limit from 0.08% to 0.05% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) can reduce road traffic accidents and deaths if properly enforced. Reduced limits may be opposed by alcohol retail and manufacturing industries on the basis of commercial impact. Our aim was to qualitatively explore how a reduction in the drink\u2010drive limit from 0.08% to 0.05% BAC in Scotland, was experienced by bar owners or managers, including any resultant changes in customer drinking or business practice. This is the first study of this type.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Semi\u2010structured interviews were conducted with 16 owners and managers of on\u2010trade premises in Scotland in 2018, approximately three\u2009years after the drink\u2010drive limit was reduced. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most participants reported no long\u2010term financial impact on their business, but a few, mainly from rural areas, reported some reduction in alcohol sales. Observed drinking changes included fewer people drinking after work or leaving premises earlier on weekdays. Adaptations to businesses included improving the range of no\/low\u2010alcohol drinks and food offered. Changes such as these were seen as key to minimising economic impact.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opposition to legislative measures that impact on commercial interests is often strong and receives significant public attention. This study found that Scottish businesses that adapted to the drink\u2010drive limit change reported little long\u2010term economic impact. These findings are of international relevance as potential BAC limit reductions in several other jurisdictions remain the subject of debate, including regarding the impact on business.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T01:55:47Z","timestamp":1575856547000},"page":"170-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["How did a lower drink\u2010drive limit affect bar trade and drinking practices? A qualitative study of how alcohol retailers experienced a change in policy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Colin","family":"Sumpter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Forth Valley  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Marketing University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"McKell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Marketing University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Lewsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Emslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3643-8165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niamh","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Marketing University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Global status report on alcohol and health 2018","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Department for Transport. Reported Road Casualties in Great Britain: Final Estimates Involving Illegal Alcohol Levels: 2017. (August 2019). Available at:https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/827834\/drink-drive-final-estimates-2017.pdf(accessed September 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Review of effectiveness of laws limiting blood alcohol concentration levels to reduce alcohol\u2010related road injuries and deaths","author":"Killoran AA","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12365"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Scottish Government. Lower Drink Drive Limit (2014). Available at:https:\/\/news.gov.scot\/news\/lower-drink-drive-limit-2(accessed June 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"European Transport Safety Council. Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) Drink Driving Limits across Europe (2018). Available at:https:\/\/etsc.eu\/blood-alcohol-content-bac-drink-driving-limits-across-europe\/(accessed July 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Scotland Act 2012","author":"The UK Parliament","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Report of the review of drink and drug driving law","author":"North P","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"Scottish Government Social Research. Reducing the Drink Driving Limit in Scotland: Analysis of Consultation Responses.2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32850-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Monitoring and evaluating Scotland's alcohol strategy: monitoring report 2018","author":"Giles L","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"Scottish Government. Statistical Bulletin Crime and Justice Series: Scottish Liquor Licensing Statistics 2016\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"WrightS.Scots Pubs Lose Millions After Drink Drive Changes. Herald Scotland (March 2015). Available at:https:\/\/www.heraldscotland.com\/news\/13206550.scots-pubs-lose-millions-after-drink-drive-changes\/(accessed May 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"FergusonJ.Pub Profits Still Plunging After Strain of Tough New Drink Driving Limits Hammers Half of Scotland's Boozers. Daily Record (September 2015). 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