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Data were collected via self\u2010report surveys. Risk and protective factors from a modified version of the Communities That Care youth survey were measured in fifth grade (mean [<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>] = 10.9\u2009years, SD = 0.4). Frequency of cannabis use was measured at six time\u2010points throughout adolescence (ages 12\u201319\u2009years).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early adolescent onset cannabis use (10.7% of the sample [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 91]) was predicted by childhood family\u2010related factors including poor family management, family history of antisocial behaviour and attachment to parents. Cigarette use and drinking until drunk were the strongest predictors of early adolescent onset cannabis use. Cumulative risks associated with community, family, peer\/individual environments and early substance use (cigarettes, alcohol) in childhood were predictive of early adolescent onset cannabis use (e.g. relative risk ratio = 2.64; 95% confidence interval 1.40\u20134.97 for early substance use). Family and early substance use\u2010related cumulative risks were predictive of late adolescent onset occasional cannabis use (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 231; 27%). Cumulative early substance use risk was the strongest independent predictor of both early adolescent onset and late adolescent onset occasional cannabis use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary prevention efforts should focus on reducing exposure and access to licit substances during late childhood and delaying the onset of use. Prevention and intervention targeted toward the family environment also appears likely to be important in the prevention of early adolescent onset cannabis use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T03:44:21Z","timestamp":1588736661000},"page":"384-393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Childhood social environmental and behavioural predictors of early adolescent onset cannabis use"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9038-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsty E.","family":"Scholes\u2010Balog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Learning Sciences Institute Australia and School of Psychology Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheryl A.","family":"Hemphill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"School of Education La Trobe University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5597-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Heerde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John W.","family":"Toumbourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology Deakin University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5039-8326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George C.","family":"Patton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Adolescent Health Murdoch Children's Research Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/bdf42380-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 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