{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T17:13:53Z","timestamp":1782926033179,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is international concern about misuse of over\u2010the\u2010counter (OTC) codeine, yet few studies have reported the perspectives of misusers themselves. This study explored the experience of OTC codeine misuse and recovery in Tasmania, Australia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Semi\u2010structured telephone interviews were conducted with 15 self\u2010identified long\u2010term users of OTC codeine. The interview guide prompted responses about reasons for codeine use, positive and negative impacts, recovery, identity and codeine accessibility. Transcripts were analysed abductively using qualitative content analysis. Categories that emerged from misuser accounts were aligned to three broad temporal phases: (i) transition to misuse; (ii) growing awareness; and (iii) towards recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Salient features of the misuse experience included: initial use for the self\u2010treatment of physical pain; ongoing use to self\u2010medicate physical pain, stress or mental health conditions; a perception of safety of OTC codeine; an insidious transition from use to misuse; growing awareness of a problem over time; support provided by family, friends and the internet; recovery through self\u2010change; and recognition that recovery is an ongoing process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Knowledge and understanding of the experience of OTC codeine misuse and recovery is critical to inform and tailor approaches to prevention and intervention. The findings suggest that strategies to improve the management of pain, stress and mental health, raise self\u2010awareness of problematic use and potential for self\u2010change, and increase social and web\u2010based supports, should be considered when designing health policy initiatives that aim to reduce misuse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T00:30:45Z","timestamp":1588638645000},"page":"879-887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Experiences of over\u2010the\u2010counter codeine misusers and accounts of recovery: A qualitative study in Tasmania, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3074-3388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Kirschbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rural Health University of Tasmania  Launceston Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rural Health University of Tasmania  Launceston Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merylin","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Rural Health University of Tasmania  Launceston Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4836"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000337028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.00749"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJnew.8172"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12224"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12809"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Over\u2010the\u2010counter codeine analgesic misuse and harm: characteristics of cases in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"124","author":"McAvoy BR","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Misuse of over\u2010the\u2010counter codeine\u2010containing analgesics: dependence and other adverse effects","volume":"123","author":"Robinson GM","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.11843"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja15.00183"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18433\/J3T89K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2018.1537122"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12099"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health Therapeutic Goods Administration. 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