{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T21:59:29Z","timestamp":1786831169394,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"UC San Diego Center for AIDS Research","award":["NIAD 5 P30 A1036214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIAD 5 P30 A1036214"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infoveillance approaches (i.e. surveillance methods using online content) that leverage big data can provide new insights about infectious disease outbreaks and substance use disorder topics. We assessed social media messages about HIV, opioid use and injection drug use in order to understand how unstructured data can prepare public health practitioners for response to future outbreaks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted an retrospective analysis of Twitter messages during the 2015 HIV Indiana outbreak using machine learning, statistical and geospatial analysis to examine the transition between opioid prescription drug abuse to heroin injection use and finally HIV transmission risk, and to test possible associations with disease burden and demographic variables in Indiana and Marion County. Tweets from October 2014 to June 2015 were compared to disease burden at the county level for Indiana, and classification of census blocks by presence of relevant messages was done at the census block level for Marion County. Marion County was used as it exhibited the highest total count of Tweets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>257 messages about substance abuse and HIV were significantly related to HIV rates (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and opioid\u2010related hospitalisations (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.037). Using 157 characteristics from the American Community Survey, a linear classifier was computed with an appreciable correlation (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.49) to risk\u2010related social media messages from Marion County.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Communities appear to communicate online in response to disease burden. Classification produced an accurate equation to model census block risk based on census data, allowing for high\u2010dimensional estimation of risk for blocks with sparse populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T06:00:14Z","timestamp":1589436014000},"page":"908-913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Characterising communities impacted by the 2015 Indiana <scp>HIV<\/scp> outbreak: A big data analysis of social media messages associated with <scp>HIV<\/scp> and substance abuse"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8179-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael E.","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Policy Institute  San Diego USA"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Research and Policy University of California  San Diego USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of California  San Diego USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxiang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Policy Institute  San Diego USA"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Research and Policy University of California  San Diego USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California  San Diego USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Policy Institute  San Diego USA"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Research and Policy University of California  San Diego USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Policy Institute  San Diego USA"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Research and Policy University of California  San Diego USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen\u2010Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Policy Institute  San Diego USA"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Research and Policy University of California  San Diego USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California  San Diego USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Obradovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Humans and Machines, Max Planck Institute for Human Development  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2191-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim K.","family":"Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Policy Institute  San Diego USA"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare Research and Policy University of California  San Diego USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of California  San Diego USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health University of California  San Diego USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30176-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"443","article-title":"Community outbreak of HIV infection linked to injection drug use of oxymorphone\u2014Indiana, 2015","volume":"64","author":"Conrad C","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1515195"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6448a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"270","article-title":"HIV infection and HIV\u2010associated behaviors among persons who inject drugs\u201420 cities, United States, 2012","volume":"64","author":"Spiller MW","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139701"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CaiM ShahN LiJet al. Identification and characterization of Tweets related to the 2015 Indiana HIV outbreak: a retrospective infoveillance study 2020. (Under review).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3532"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458218810743"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"HossainN HuT FeiziR WhiteAM LuoJ KautzH. Inferring fine\u2010grained details on user activities and home location from social media: detecting drinking\u2010while\u2010tweeting patterns in communities. arXiv arXiv:1603.03181 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2503"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6303"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fdar.13091","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.13091","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dar.13091","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.13091","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T23:53:50Z","timestamp":1693871630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.13091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.13091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.13091","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}