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However, recent studies indicate HCV and HIV prevalences are elevated, with many HCV infections undiagnosed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Men who inject IPEDs recruited from community settings and specialist services, including needle\u2010syringe programs, across UK during 2016 self\u2010completed a questionnaire. Multivariate analyses examined factors associated with HCV\/HIV testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The participants' (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=562; 24% service recruited) median age was 31\u2009years, 4% identified as gay or bisexual, 18% had ever been imprisoned and 6% had ever injected a psychoactive drug. Those community recruited more often reported sharing drugs vials (16% vs. 8%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.021) and, among those with 2+ sexual partners, poor condom use (50% vs. 36%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.063), than those service recruited. Overall, one\u2010third had ever been tested for HCV (31%) and\/or HIV (34%). Testing uptake was associated with other risk factors for HCV\/HIV, being recruited through services and having received metabolic tests. Participants' motivations for using IPEDs were associated with recruitment setting and HIV\/HCV testing uptake.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority were untested for HCV\/HIV. HCV\/HIV testing and risks were associated with recruitment through services. Previous needle and syringe program\u2010based studies have potentially overestimated testing uptake and underestimated risk. Targeted interventions are needed, particularly for those not accessing services. The association between HCV\/HIV testing uptake and receipt of metabolic tests suggests that developing a combined offer of these tests as part of health monitoring could improve uptake.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T07:30:10Z","timestamp":1604907010000},"page":"586-596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Factors associated with hepatitis C and <scp>HIV<\/scp> testing uptake among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5712-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian D.","family":"Hope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Institute Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"McVeigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Begley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Institute Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Infection Service Public Health England  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Edmundson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Infection Service Public Health England  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Heinsbroek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Infection Service Public Health England  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde National Health Service Scotland  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Change Grow Live  Bradford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Whitfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Institute Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commissioning Team Cardiff and Vale University Health Board  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Acreman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Misuse Programme Public Health Wales  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josie","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Misuse Programme Public Health Wales  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268898001265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230801956132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000835"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-015-0006-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"278","article-title":"Anabolic steroids in the UK: an increasing issue for public health","volume":"24","author":"McVeigh J","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Consideration of the anabolic steroids","author":"Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2012.00499.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-11-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"WhitfieldM ReedH McVeighJ.Integrated Monitoring System: Annual Report Cheshire and Merseyside 2017\/18. 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