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This study investigates associations between ayahuasca consumption in naturalistic settings and current alcohol and other drug use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Online cross\u2010sectional study of people who have consumed ayahuasca in religious, traditional and non\u2010traditional settings in over 40 countries. A total of 8629 participants (53% male, average age 40\u2009years) were included in the analysis. Logistic regressions were used to explore associations between ayahuasca drinking variables and the current use of alcohol and other drugs, as well as the influence of confounding factors, such as church or community membership.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number of times ayahuasca had been consumed was strongly associated with increased odds of never or rarely drinking alcohol, never or rarely engaging in \u2018risky drinking\u2019 and having not consumed a range of drugs in the past month, with these effects greater for those with a prior substance use disorder compared to those without. The strength of ayahuasca drinkers subjective spiritual experience, number of personal self\u2010insights obtained and drinking ayahuasca with an ayahuasca church were also associated with lower substance use in some models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consumption of ayahuasca in naturalistic settings is associated with lower self\u2010reported current consumption of alcohol and other drugs for those with and without prior substance use disorders, with such effects present after adjusting for religious or social group effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  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