{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T20:00:20Z","timestamp":1769371220856,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In response to a high burden of opioid use disorder (OUD), Iran established a network of opioid agonist treatment (OAT) centres beginning in 2002. To increase treatment diversity, particularly for patients who use opium as their drug of choice, opium tincture (OT)\u2010assisted treatment was introduced to the network. This study aimed to explore factors influencing OT\u2010assisted treatment selection for OUD in Tehran, Iran.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted 54 in\u2010depth interviews with patients with OUD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200933), family members of patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20099) and drug treatment providers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u200912). Participants were recruited from 12 drug treatment centres across Tehran, between September and November 2019. All interviews were audio\u2010recorded, transcribed and coded in OpenCode 4.02 software and analysed using thematic analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Study participants more commonly reported individual\u2010level factors as facilitators (e.g. to reduce harms associated with illicit opioid use, achieve recovery through a gradual dose reduction regimen combined with Congress 60 recovery program) and structural level factors (e.g. low adoption by OAT system and lack of familiarity of treatment providers) as barriers for utilisation of OT\u2010assisted treatment regimens. OT was perceived to produce lower levels of physiological dependence than methadone, but the requirement for twice supervised dosing was restrictive. Low familial and community acceptance were also seen as barriers to access.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research identified a range of perceived benefits for OT\u2010assisted treatment ranging from harm reduction to an intermediate step to achieve recovery. However, several structural\u2010, individual\u2010, familial\u2010 and community\u2010level barriers impede its availability and acceptability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T12:23:43Z","timestamp":1627302223000},"page":"419-429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Factors influencing engagement and utilisation of opium tincture\u2010assisted treatment for opioid use disorder: A qualitative study in Tehran, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5838-4348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Noroozi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6428-1441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Conigrave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Medicine, Sydney School of Medicine (Central Clinical School) The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Drug Health Services Royal Prince Alfred Hospital  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahareh","family":"Mirrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parsa","family":"Bastani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Brown University  Providence USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nader","family":"Charkhgard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hooman","family":"Narenjiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaleh","family":"Vaziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Kebriaeezadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Management and Economic Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drug and Crime.World Drug Report 2020. 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