{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:40:46Z","timestamp":1793814046291,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Digital drugs, or binaural beats claimed to elicit specific cognitive or emotional states, are a phenomenon about which little is known. In this brief report, we describe demographic and drug use correlates of binaural beat use, patterns of use, reasons for use and methods of access.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Global Drug Survey 2021 was translated into 11 languages; 30\u2009896 responses were gathered from 22 countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The use of binaural beats to experience altered states was reported by 5.3% of the sample (median age 27; 60.5% male), with the highest rates from the United States, Mexico, Brazil, Poland, Romania and the United Kingdom. Controlling for all variables, age and non\u2010male gender predicted binaural beat use, as did the recent use of cannabis, psychedelics and novel\/new drugs. Respondents most commonly used binaural beats \u2018to relax or fall asleep\u2019 (72.2%) and \u2018to change my mood\u2019 (34.7%), while 11.7% reported trying \u2018to get a similar effect to that of other drugs\u2019. This latter motivation was more commonly reported among those who used classic psychedelics (16.5% vs. 7.9%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The majority sought to connect with themselves (53.1%) or \u2018something bigger than themselves\u2019 (22.5%) through the experience. Binaural beats were accessed primarily through video streaming sites via mobile phones.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper establishes the existence of the phenomenon of listening to binaural beats to elicit changes in embodied and psychological states. Future research directions include the cultural context for consumption and proximate experiences, including co\u2010use with ingestible drugs and other auditory phenomena.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T13:04:15Z","timestamp":1648645455000},"page":"1126-1130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Who uses digital drugs? An international survey of \u2018binaural beat\u2019 consumers"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1015-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica J.","family":"Barratt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Global Studies Centre and Digital Ethnography Research Centre RMIT University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia","family":"Maddox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blockchain Innovation Hub RMIT University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences Federation University Australia  Gippsland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny L.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sociology Australian National University  Canberra Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lachlan","family":"Goold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business and Creative Industries University of the Sunshine Coast  Sunshine Coast Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam R.","family":"Winstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Global Drug Survey  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7474-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason A.","family":"Ferris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Services Research The University of Queensland  Brisbane 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