{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T01:42:04Z","timestamp":1768527724168,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003400","name":"Ontario Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015150","name":"St. Michael's Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015150","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT\u2010153152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT\u2010153152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Those requiring help injecting are at an elevated risk of injection\u2010related injury and blood\u2010borne infections and are thus a priority group for harm reduction programs. As supervised consumption services (SCS) are scaled\u2010up across Canada, information on those who require help injecting is necessary to inform equitable service uptake. We characterised the sociodemographic, structural and drug use correlates of needing help injecting among a cohort of people who inject drugs in Toronto, Canada.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional baseline survey was administered between November 2018 and March 2020. Unadjusted and multivariable logistic regression models examined associations with requiring help injecting in the past 6\u2009months. A gender\u2010stratified sub\u2010analysis described characteristics of receiving help among those requiring it.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 701 participants (31.0% cisgender women), 294 (41.9%) needed recent help injecting. In unadjusted analyses, being a racialised, non\u2010Indigenous person (odds ratio [OR] 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13\u20132.86) or a cisgender woman (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.24\u20132.39) were associated with needing help. In multivariable analyses, requiring assistance was associated with needing frequent help preparing drugs (adjusted OR [AOR] 9.52, 95% CI 4.78\u201321.28), fewer years since first injection (AOR for 1 year increase: 0.97, 95% CI 0.95\u20130.99) and injecting stimulants. Among those who required help, cisgender women reported needing assistance more often than cisgender men (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.009).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over two\u2010fifths of the sample required help injecting; requiring assistance was associated with sociodemographic indicators and substance use\u2010specific patterns. Findings highlight the need to scale\u2010up educational resources for those who receive or provide help injecting, as well as SCS that accommodate onsite injection assistance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T02:07:51Z","timestamp":1652753271000},"page":"1062-1070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Requiring help injecting among people who inject drugs in Toronto, Canada: Characterising the need to address sociodemographic disparities and substance\u2010use specific patterns"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1783-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjana","family":"Mitra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Studies Program University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5743-7153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian","family":"Kolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria  Victoria Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3368-7681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoff","family":"Bardwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruby","family":"Sniderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Unity Health Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Riverdale Community Health Centre  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0614-9386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Werb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation, Unity Health Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"University of California San Diego School of Medicine  La Jolla USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8498-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayden","family":"Scheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University  Philadelphia USA"},{"name":"Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation Unity Health Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112446"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0540-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2012.644107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-7-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170659"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2007.00700.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001294"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000157006.28535.mL"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"National report: apparent opioid\u2010related deaths in Canada","author":"Special Advisory Committee on the Epidemic of Opioid Overdoses","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0154-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"Supervised consumption sites: status of applications","author":"Health Canada","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-021-00547-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102967"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.102617"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"A helping hand: legal issues related to assisted injection at supervised injection facilities","author":"Canadian HIV\/AIDS Legal Network","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"Toronto Public Health reports record high number of confirmed opioid overdose deaths in 2020[press release].2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws412"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"Cary NSII.SAS. Version 9.4 ed.2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6606-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0174-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403560"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.160778"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2003.02178"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(01)00200-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.057828"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-7-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-8-32"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00479-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1101-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"Drug Policy Alliance.Stimulant use: Harm reduction treatment and future directions.2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","volume-title":"What women and men who smoke crack have to say about HIV and hepatitis C prevention: implications for policy and program development","author":"Reynolds A","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14417"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.13473","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dar.13473","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.13473","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T09:47:33Z","timestamp":1692870453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.13473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.13473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.13473","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}