{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:47:49Z","timestamp":1787014069783,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1718\u2010HQ\u2010000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1718\u2010HQ\u2010000024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA052381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA052381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000204","name":"Vancouver Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000204","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The emergence of fentanyl and its analogues have contributed to a drastic rise in overdose\u2010related mortality in recent years. The objective of this study was to determine the number of drug checking samples containing fentanyl and fentanyl analogues using both point of care and confirmatory drug checking technologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Point\u2010of\u2010care drug checking data, using a combination of fentanyl immunoassay strips and Fourier\u2010transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were collected at harm reduction sites in Vancouver and Surrey, British Columbia. Based on current recommendations from the British Columbia Centre on Substance Use Drug Checking Project, a subset of these samples was sent for confirmatory analysis using quantitative nuclear resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry and\/or liquid chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 22,916 samples were tested using FTIR and fentanyl immunoassay strips, of which 6125 (29%) were positive for fentanyl and\/or fentanyl analogues. FTIR identified a fentanyl analogue in five samples (all carfentanil). Of the 1467 samples sent for confirmatory analysis, fentanyl was identified in 855 (58%) and fentanyl analogues in 85 (6%), including: carfentanil (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a056), acetyl fentanyl (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a015), furanyl fentanyl (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a09) and cyclopropyl fentanyl (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our research found that FTIR does not consistently distinguish between fentanyl and its analogues at point of care and that highly sensitive confirmatory drug checking technologies are needed to identify fentanyl analogues. These findings underscore the limitations of current drug checking technologies and the importance of using both point of care and confirmatory drug checking initiatives for monitoring changes in the drug supply.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T20:13:04Z","timestamp":1669320784000},"page":"538-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Examining fentanyl and its analogues in the unregulated drug supply of British Columbia, Canada using drug checking technologies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Crepeault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2556-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Eugenia","family":"Socias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Tobias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Lysyshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Vancouver Coastal Health Authority  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Custance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Get Your Drugs Tested  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Provincial Toxicology Centre  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2470-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianping","family":"Ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2020.723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Opioid\u2010 and Stimulant\u2010related Harms in Canada \u2010 Public Health Infobase | Public Health Agency of Canada. 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