{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:01:24Z","timestamp":1781568084748,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite increasing evidence challenging the effectiveness and legality of police drug dog operations, these strategies remain common. We aimed to describe drug dog encounters at music festivals, behavioural adaptations taken in anticipation of their presence and consequences of encounters amongst a sample of people who regularly use MDMA\/ecstasy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected via interviewer\u2010administered questionnaires in April\u2013June 2019. Australians aged 16\u2009years or older who used MDMA\/ecstasy and\/or other stimulants monthly in the last 6\u2009months were recruited from capital cities via social media and word\u2010of\u2010mouth (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0797). Participants reported recent drug dog encounters, encounter settings and actions taken in anticipation of and in response to encounters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this sample, encounters with drug dogs at festivals were common (60%), with most participants (92%) reporting anticipating the encounter. Most (86%) of this group reported behavioural adaptations to avoid a detection, with concealing drugs well (57%) and consuming prior to entering the festival (20%) most reported. Only 4% of those who expected drug dog presence chose not to carry or consume drugs. One\u2010quarter (26%) of those who reported an encounter were stopped by police and 4% were searched (bodily\/bag search).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most participants anticipated drug dog presence at festivals, however, were not deterred from carrying or consuming drugs. Some reported adaptations to avoid detection may increase drug\u2010related health, social and legal harms. Our study suggests drug dog presence at festivals does not deter carriage\/use of illegal drugs, and echoes concerns regarding the efficacy and appropriateness of this policing initiative.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T17:00:24Z","timestamp":1674579624000},"page":"555-560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Encounters with police drug detection dogs at music festivals amongst people who regularly use ecstasy and\/or other illicit stimulants in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2116-8190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisy","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5705-2026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology University of Tasmania  Hobart Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"College of Business, Government, and Law Flinders University  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jodie","family":"Grigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Research Institute Curtin University  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udesha","family":"Chandrasena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5337-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004865816642826"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Review of the police powers (drug detection dogs) act 2001","author":"Ombudsman NSW","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"15431","article-title":"Parliamentary debates","year":"2012","journal-title":"Legislative Assembly"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Legislative Assembly Hansard.Second Reading of Law Enforcement (Powers and Responsibilities) Amendment (Kings Cross and Railways Drug Detection) Bill 2012 [Internet]. 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Code of practice for running safer music festivals and events","author":"Victorian Government Department of Health","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"NSW Coroner.Inquest into the death of six patrons of NSW music festivals [Internet]. 2019. 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