{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:07:37Z","timestamp":1792811257127,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRC 18\/551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRC 18\/551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is 100% caused by alcohol. The lifelong disability caused by prenatal alcohol exposure cannot be reversed. Lack of reliable national prevalence estimates of FASD is common internationally and true of Aotearoa, New Zealand. This study modelled the national prevalence of FASD and differences by ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>FASD prevalence was estimated from self\u2010reported data on any alcohol use during pregnancy for 2012\/2013 and 2018\/2019, combined with risk estimates for FASD from a meta\u2010analysis of case\u2010ascertainment or clinic\u2010based studies in seven other countries. A sensitivity analysis using four more recent active case ascertainment studies was performed to account for the possibility of underestimation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We estimated FASD prevalence in the general population to be 1.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0%; 2.7%) in the 2012\/2013 year. For M\u0101ori, the prevalence was significantly higher than for Pasifika and Asian populations. In the 2018\/2019 year, FASD prevalence was 1.3% (95% CI 0.9%; 1.9%). For M\u0101ori, the prevalence was significantly higher than for Pasifika and Asian populations. The sensitivity analysis estimated the prevalence of FASD in the 2018\/2019 year to range between 1.1% and 3.9% and for M\u0101ori, from 1.7% to 6.3%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used methodology from comparative risk assessments, using the best available national data. These findings are probably underestimates but indicate a disproportionate experience of FASD by M\u0101ori compared with some ethnicities. The findings support the need for policy and prevention initiatives to support alcohol\u2010free pregnancies to reduce lifelong disability caused by prenatal alcohol exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T18:53:15Z","timestamp":1677005595000},"page":"859-867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Aotearoa, New Zealand: Estimates of prevalence and indications of inequity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6707-3429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose S.","family":"Romeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SHORE &amp; Whariki Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0669-0685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taisia","family":"Huckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SHORE &amp; Whariki Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2211-7096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Casswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SHORE &amp; Whariki Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3209-8693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennie","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5665-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jurgen","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"PAHO\/WHO Collaborating Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Klinische Psychologie and Psychotherapie  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"McGinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"FASD Centre, Aotearoa  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30231-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015156"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Global alcohol action plan 2022\u20132030 to strengthen implementation of the Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol \u2013 First draft. 2021 [updated July; cited 2021]. 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