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We then assessed the association between polysubstance use patterns and recent injection initiation assistance provision using logistic regression analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 6\u2010class model for Vancouver participants, a 4\u2010class model for Tijuana participants and a 4\u2010class model for San Diego participants were selected based on statistical indices of fit and interpretability. In all settings, at least one profile included high\u2010frequency polysubstance use of crystal methamphetamine and heroin. In Vancouver, several profiles were associated with a greater likelihood of providing recent injection initiation assistance compared to the referent profile (low\u2010frequency use of all drugs) in unadjusted and adjusted analyses, however, the inclusion of latent profile membership in the multivariable model did not significantly improve model fit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified commonalities and differences in polysubstance use patterns among people who inject drugs in three settings disproportionately impacted by injection drug use. Our results also suggest that other factors may be of greater priority when tailoring interventions to reduce the incidence of injection initiation. These findings can aid in efforts to identify and support specific higher\u2010risk subpopulations of people who inject drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T01:33:23Z","timestamp":1686879203000},"page":"1504-1516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Latent polydrug use patterns and the provision of injection initiation assistance among people who inject drugs in three North American settings"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Indhu","family":"Rammohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre on Drug Policy and Evaluation St. Michael's Hospital  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Research Center Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego  La Jolla USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelly","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Research Center Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego  La Jolla USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3893-1914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health University of California San Diego  La Jolla USA"},{"name":"School of Community Health Sciences University of Reno  Reno USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2178-1355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.\u2010J.","family":"Milloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3843-2928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanna","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kora","family":"DeBeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre on Substance Use  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health University of California San Diego  La Jolla USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffanie","family":"Strathdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health University of California San Diego  La Jolla USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0614-9386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Werb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre on Drug Policy and Evaluation St. Michael's Hospital  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health University of California San Diego  La Jolla USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.5.655"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-10-25"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp16X685333"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"ofy304","article-title":"Repeat infective endocarditis in persons who inject drugs: \u201cTake another little piece of my heart\u201d. 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