{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T22:39:44Z","timestamp":1781044784489,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Structural aspects of community\u2010engaged research are not well measured yet have critical implications for community research empowerment. This is particularly so with people who use drugs. We introduce the Structural Indicators of Community\u2010Based Participatory Action Research (SI\u2010CBPAR) to measure structural indicators of community\u2010research entity relationships.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A three\u2010phased process of iterative development, feasibility and applicability assessment was used to examine the\u00a0instrument with community\u2010engaged studies as a first stage of instrument development. The development team included people with university, non\u2010government organisation and lived\/ing drug use experience. Four studies on the health of people who use drugs were reviewed for indicator evidence followed by iterative discussion about construct and item discrepancies. Indicators were measured for the degree to which they were observed using a three\u2010point scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All but two constructs were confirmed for meaning. Constructs of \u2018community\u2019 and \u2018coalition\u2019 required revision and explanation. The need for further exploration of power differentials between community and community\u2010based organisations was identified. Indicator evidence was found for all six categories across studies. The instrument was deemed applicable and easy to use. It was observed that categories could apply to studies with various degrees of community engagement and to other research focal areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>SI\u2010CBPAR applicability testing and initial category confirmation indicate its potential utility for community research collaboratives. The next phase of development involves cognitive interviewing with researchers from across community engaged research orientations, and with communities engaged in research beyond drug user health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T05:38:05Z","timestamp":1698125885000},"page":"1049-1061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<scp>SI\u2010CBPAR<\/scp>: Towards structural indicators of community\u2010based participatory action research"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-7179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth E.","family":"Meyerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harm Reduction Research Lab University of Arizona  Tucson USA"},{"name":"Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine University of Arizona  Tucson USA"},{"name":"Comprehensive Pain and Addiction Center University of Arizona Health Sciences  Tucson USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harm Reduction Research Lab University of Arizona  Tucson USA"},{"name":"Justice Studies  Tempe USA"},{"name":"Drug Policy Research and Advocacy Board, Harm Reduction Research Lab University of Arizona  Tucson USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene","family":"Mahoney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harm Reduction Research Lab University of Arizona  Tucson USA"},{"name":"Drug Policy Research and Advocacy Board, Harm Reduction Research Lab University of Arizona  Tucson USA"},{"name":"Southwest Recovery Alliance  Phoenix USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Garnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Policy Research and Advocacy Board, Harm Reduction Research Lab University of Arizona  Tucson USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savannah","family":"Samorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Policy Research and Advocacy Board, Harm Reduction Research Lab University of Arizona  Tucson USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2011.13.2.hlaw1-1102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7312.531"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/cpr.2015.0077"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.19.1.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"International symposium on community participation and empowerment strategies in health promotion","author":"Siler\u2010Wells GL","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/cpr.2019.0064"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/env.2012.0017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.12804"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12474"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2273.2010.00466.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"The ivory tower and beyond: the University of Bradford at the heart of its communities\u2014the University of Bradford's REAP approach to measuring its community engagement","author":"Pearce J","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Place\u2010based community engagement in higher education: a strategy to transform universities and communities","author":"Yamamura E","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Community\u2010based participatory research for health: from process to outcomes","author":"Wallerstein N","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13384-022-00533-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198112459050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-10-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103364"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327019eb0904_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-016-0108-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"BartlettT.Why a Columbia neuroscientist acknowledged using heroin. Chron Higher Ed 2021; Feb. Available from:https:\/\/www.chronicle.com\/article\/why-a-columbia-neuroscientist-acknowledged-using-heroinAccessed 2 October 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1310247"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"Pedagogy of the oppressed","author":"Freire P","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19460171.2017.1403342"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Measuring academic productivity and challenging definitions of scientific impact","volume":"111","author":"Sarli CC","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","volume-title":"Community\u2010based participatory research for health","author":"Wallerstein N","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:AJCP.0000004742.39858.c5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07481756.2017.1339564"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"I could take the judgement if you could just provide the service: non\u2010prescription syringe purchase experience in Arizona pharmacies","volume":"16","author":"Meyerson BE","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Harm Reduction"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2022.100047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274094"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/495426a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","unstructured":"Example from the University of Arizona. Compensation of Subjects v2020\u201010. Available from:https:\/\/rgw.arizona.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/compensation_of_subjects_v2020-10.pdf. Accessed 9 November 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. What is a Certificate of Confidentiality?Available from:https:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/policy\/humansubjects\/coc\/what-is.htm. Accessed 7 November 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","unstructured":"University of Pittsburg Clinical and Translational Science Institute (PITT CTSI). Community Partners Research Ethics Training (CPRET). Available from:https:\/\/ctsi.pitt.edu\/education-training\/community-partners-research-ethics-training\/. Accessed 20 March 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1994.65.5.393"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Community\u2010based participatory research for health","author":"Muhammad M","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.13764","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T07:34:54Z","timestamp":1720078494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.13764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.13764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.13764","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}