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We aimed to describe the characteristics of parents who inject drugs and identify correlates associated with child placement in OOHC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<jats:bold>s<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>We used baseline data from a community\u2010based cohort of parents who inject drugs (SuperMIX) from Melbourne, Australia. Participants were recruited via convenience, respondent\u2010driven and snowball sampling from April 2008 to November 2020, with follow\u2010up until March 2021. To explore correlates associated with child placement to OOHC, we used multivariable logistic regression and assessed for potential interactions between gender and a range of relevant covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 1067 participants, 611 (57%) reported being parents. Fifty\u2010six percent of parents reported child protection involvement. Almost half (49%) had children in OOHC. Nearly half of the parents lived in unstable accommodation (44%) and many of them experienced moderate\u2013severe levels of anxiety (48%) and depression (53%). Female or non\u2010binary gender, identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, experiencing assault and having more children were associated with child removal to OOHC. Of the 563 participants who reported their own childhood care status, 135 (24%) reported they had been removed to OOHC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified high rates of child placement in OOHC among parents who inject drugs. There is a need for targeted health and social services, that are gender and culturally responsive, in addition to systems\u2010level interventions addressing social inequities, such as housing, to support parents to care for their children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T17:00:17Z","timestamp":1703610017000},"page":"775-786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parents who inject drugs: Demographics, care arrangements and correlates for child placement in out\u2010of\u2010home care"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8536-2048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8166-6386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"School of Rural Health Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Kirby Institute UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sione","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Harm Reduction Victoria  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Stoov\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7871-6234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Dietze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"National Drug Research Institute Curtin University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30375-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30337-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-011-9121-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW).Child protection Australia 2018\u201319. 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