{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:54:10Z","timestamp":1783130050639,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>To ascertain the adverse health outcomes experienced by those using prescribed testosterone and non\u2010prescribed anabolic\u2013androgenic steroids presenting to general practitioner (GP) clinics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective clinical audit from nine GP clinics in major metropolitan areas across three Australian states. Data included demographic and individual characteristics (age, sexuality, body mass index, smoking status and HIV status); performance and image\u2010enhancing drug use (type, reasons for use, patient\u2010reported adverse effects); and blood biochemistry measurements (lipid profiles, liver function tests and red blood cell tests). Adverse health outcomes included evidence of polycythaemia, hypertension, liver abnormalities and hypercholesterolemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred men were identified as either using prescribed testosterone (66%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009197) or non\u2010prescribed anabolic\u2013androgenic steroids (AAS) (34%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009103). Individuals in the prescribed group were more likely to be older (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), gay or bisexual (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and living with diagnosed HIV (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to individuals in the non\u2010prescribed group. Abnormal liver function, polycythemia and gynecomastia were the top three adverse events experienced. When adjusting for age, sexuality, HIV status and smoking status, those who used non\u2010prescribed AAS were more likely to experience any adverse event (aPR\u2009=\u20091.28; 95% CI 1.01\u20131.60; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.038), hypertension (aPR\u2009=\u20091.86; 95% CI 1.19\u20132.91; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006) and liver abnormalities (aPR\u2009=\u20091.51; 95% CI 1.04\u20132.20; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.030) compared to those using prescribed testosterone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>For GPs who have clients who may be using, or who they suspect of using, AAS, these findings highlight the importance of not only exploring a patient's history of the adverse effects they have experienced, but that measuring for these other conditions may provide a more accurate clinical picture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T06:20:44Z","timestamp":1720419644000},"page":"1967-1975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The health effects of non\u2010prescribed anabolic\u2013androgenic steroid use: Findings from The Performance and image\u2010enhancing drugs UseRS' Health (PUSH) audit"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4615-5078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Dunn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Social Development Deakin University  Geelong Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Health Transformation Deakin University  Geelong Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Dawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet 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