{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:14:43Z","timestamp":1791846883625,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR 204582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR 204582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012150","name":"Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012150","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Issues<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overdose prevention centres (OPC) are non\u2010residential spaces where people can use illicit drugs (that they have obtained elsewhere) in the presence of staff who can intervene to prevent and manage any overdoses that occur. Many reviews of OPCs exist but they do not explain how OPCs work.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We carried out a realist review, using the RAMESES reporting standards. We systematically searched for and then thematically analysed 391 documents that provide information on the contexts, mechanisms and outcomes of OPCs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our retroductive analysis identified a causal pathway that highlights the feeling of safety \u2013 and the immediate outcome of not dying \u2013 as conditions of possibility for the people who use OPCs to build trust and experience social inclusion. The combination of safety, trust and social inclusion that is triggered by OPCs can \u2013 depending on the contexts in which they operate \u2013 generate other positive outcomes, which may include less risky drug use practices, reductions in blood borne viruses and injection\u2010related infections and wounds, and access to housing. These outcomes are contingent on relevant contexts, including political and legal environments, which differ for women and people from racialised minorities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OPCs can enable people who live with structural violence and vulnerability to develop feelings of safety and trust that help them stay alive and to build longer term trajectories of social inclusion, with potential to improve other aspects of their health and living conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:54:16Z","timestamp":1722905656000},"page":"1573-1591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Overdose prevention centres as spaces of safety, trust and inclusion: A causal pathway based on a realist review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4878-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Stevens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research University of Kent  Medway UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4153-4530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolie R.","family":"Keemink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Services Studies University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7427-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Shirley\u2010Beavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research University of Kent  Medway UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2958-9555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zarnie","family":"Khadjesari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3085-2410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelina","family":"Artenie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8291-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Vickerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat","family":"Southwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CoAct  Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5752-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian W.","family":"Shorter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug and Alcohol Research Network Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02252-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Trends in overdose deaths and other drug\u2010induced deaths in Australia, 2002\u20132021","author":"Chrzanowska A","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"New Zealand Drug Foundation.Report: Fatal overdoses in Aotearoa 2017\u20132021 [Internet].2022.https:\/\/drugfoundation.org.nz\/articles\/overdose-report-2017-2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"EMCDDA.European drug report 2023 [Internet]. 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