{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T20:00:16Z","timestamp":1769025616279,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is considerable interest in whether individuals substitute cannabis for alcohol and in legalisation's potential to reduce or increase alcohol\u2010attributable harms. This study aimed to determine whether non\u2010medical cannabis legalisation in Canada was associated with initial changes in population\u2010level alcohol consumption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This observational population\u2010based study described changes in alcohol sales in Canada between 2004 and 2022. We calculated annual changes in the per capita volume of pure ethanol sold in Canada. We used an interrupted time series approach to examine immediate and gradual changes in per capita price\u2010adjusted alcohol retailer sales value (CAD$) and beer producer sales volume (litres of product) after legalisation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During 2004\u20132022, Canadians aged 15+ spent on average CAD $751 per year on alcoholic beverages containing 8.18\u2009L of ethanol. Annual ethanol sales volumes decreased by 0.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] \u22120.08 to \u22120.04; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) litres per capita annually for beer but increased by 0.05 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.07; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) litres per capita annually for other beverages, leaving no significant trend for ethanol sales overall. Following non\u2010medical legalisation in October 2018, there were no immediate (\u22120.1%, 95% CI \u22121.3 to 1.1; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.82) or gradual changes (\u22120.1% monthly, 95% CI \u22120.3 to 0.0; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.12) in alcohol retailer sales.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canada's non\u2010medical cannabis legalisation was not associated with significant changes in population\u2010level alcohol sales. These findings do not support the idea that cannabis legalisation may result in declining alcohol use and harms through the substitution of cannabis for alcohol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.14010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T04:59:38Z","timestamp":1738645178000},"page":"811-819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Changes in population\u2010level alcohol sales after non\u2010medical cannabis legalisation in Canada"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Goodman School of Business Brock University  St. Catharines Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2016-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"MacDonald\u2010Spracklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bruy\u00e8re Health Research Institute  Ottawa Canada"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program Ottawa Hospital Research Institute  Ottawa Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program Ottawa Hospital Research Institute  Ottawa Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Talarico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program Ottawa Hospital Research Institute  Ottawa Canada"},{"name":"ICES uOttawa Ottawa Hospital Research Institute  Ottawa Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8038-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel T.","family":"Myran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bruy\u00e8re Health Research Institute  Ottawa Canada"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program Ottawa Hospital Research Institute  Ottawa Canada"},{"name":"ICES uOttawa Ottawa Hospital Research Institute  Ottawa Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine University of Ottawa  Ottawa Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa  Ottawa Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Parliament of Canada.Government Bill C\u201045: the Cannabis Act. 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