{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T04:02:22Z","timestamp":1748491342957,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Iraq has faced decades of conflict and increased exposure to alcohol use. While the majority (60%) of Iraq's population is under the age of 24, there is no research examining their views on alcohol use and related factors. This study explores how the individual, interpersonal and social contexts of university students may influence their experiences and perceptions of alcohol use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We undertook a qualitative study underpinned by a socio\u2010ecological framework and the alcohol use motivational model. Forty students from 11 disciplines at three universities across Iraq were interviewed (45% female). Interviews were conducted in English (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093) or Arabic (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200937). Template analysis was used to examine the data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Perceptions of the prevalence of alcohol use varied among participants. Perceived motives for drinking included using alcohol to cope with grief, loss, poverty and unemployment; as well as peer pressure, thrill\u2010seeking and social approval. Abstinence was perceived to be associated with knowledge of the adverse effects of alcohol and a commitment to faith. Students reported alcohol use as a clandestine activity. Students suggested education, open communication and employment opportunities as preventative strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is the first study to explore young Iraqi perceptions and experiences of peers' alcohol use in the current context of conflict, political instability and globalisation. Young Iraqis are a vulnerable population who may be at risk of alcohol\u2010related harm. Iraq should consider multidimensional preventive approaches that include evidence\u2010based and culturally appropriate interventions that reflect young people's real\u2010life experiences and challenges.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.14026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T01:58:51Z","timestamp":1740362331000},"page":"1240-1253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alcohol use in Iraq: Perceptions of interviewed students at three Iraqi universities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4989-8686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Al Ansari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol Policy Research La Trobe University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"The Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol, Drugs and Toxicology) Sydney Local Health District  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0926-2202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health The University of Technology  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"AbdulZahra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Kufa  Najaf Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6428-1441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Conigrave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"The Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol, Drugs and Toxicology) Sydney Local Health District  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Drug Health Services Royal Prince Alfred Hospital  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32366-8"},{"volume-title":"Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health","year":"2018","author":"WHO","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"UNDESA.World population prospects: the 2017 revision Key Findings and Advance Tables.2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Al\u2010\u1e24uk\u016bma al\u2010\u02bfir\u0101qiyya [Iraqi Government].Q\u0101n\u016bn W\u0101rid\u0101t al\u2010Baladiyy\u0101t [municipal revenue law].2016Baghdad Iraq: Majlis al\u2010Nuw\u0101b al\u2010\u02bfir\u0101qi [Iraqi Parliament].https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20250203002418\/https:\/\/www.moj.gov.iq\/upload\/pdf\/4708.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2019.1657541"},{"volume-title":"Iraq Mental Health Survey 2006\/7","year":"2009","author":"World Health Organization","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60254-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2011.01261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-97046-2_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1289411"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2010.71.742"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3280fa836c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-015-9925-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agn115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"MelkiJ.Media habits of MENA youth: a three\u2010country survey. 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