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Documenting recreational N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O use prevalence and characteristics of people who use the drug in the general population is essential.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 2 March and 9 July 2022, we conducted a nationwide survey of a random sample of adults in France to estimate the prevalence of N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O awareness and reported use. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with reported lifetime recreational N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the study's 3229 participants, we estimated that 75.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 73.2\u201377.2) of the French adult population had heard of N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, that 4.3% (95% CI: 3.6\u20135.2) had used it, and that 0.8% (95% CI 0.5\u20131.3) used it in the past year. Reported lifetime use prevalence was highest in persons aged 18\u201329\u2009years, at 13.9% (95% CI 10.9\u201317.5). Reported lifetime use was associated with younger age, being male, a tertiary education diploma (vs. no upper secondary school certificate) and tobacco use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We estimated that in 2022 three\u2010quarters of adults in France were aware of recreational N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O use, and that 4.3% used it in their lifetime; prevalence was highest in 18\u201329\u2010year\u2010olds. To implement successful interventions to reduce N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O\u2010related risks, its use in specific contexts needs to be explored. Moreover, representative studies focusing exclusively on adolescents and young adults are needed to acquire an in\u2010depth understanding of N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O\u2010related practices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.14039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T02:48:41Z","timestamp":1742179721000},"page":"1182-1193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recreational nitrous oxide use in France in 2022: Results from a nationwide representative sample of adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3439-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tangui","family":"Barr\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille Univ, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques &amp; Sociales de la Sant\u00e9 &amp; Traitement de l'Information M\u00e9dicale, ISSPAM  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Lahaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France  Saint\u2010Maurice France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Di Beo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille Univ, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques &amp; Sociales de la Sant\u00e9 &amp; Traitement de l'Information M\u00e9dicale, ISSPAM  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Carrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix\u2010Marseille Univ, Inserm, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques &amp; Sociales de la Sant\u00e9 &amp; Traitement de l'Information M\u00e9dicale, ISSPAM  Marseille France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Andler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France  Saint\u2010Maurice France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vi\u00eat","family":"Nguyen\u2010Thanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France  Saint\u2010Maurice France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France  Saint\u2010Maurice France"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et Sant\u00e9 des Populations, Inserm U1018, Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Saclay, Universit\u00e9 Paris\u2010Sud Universit\u00e9 Versailles Saint\u2010Quentin  Villejuif France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40138-016-0092-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"271","article-title":"Psychedelic effects of a subanesthetic concentration of nitrous oxide","volume":"37","author":"Block RI","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05678-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2015.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Recreational use of nitrous oxide\u2014a growing concern for Europe [Internet]","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"NZ Herald","author":"The New Zealand Herald","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"HoltermannC.What is galaxy gas and why are young people inhaling it? 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