{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:50:08Z","timestamp":1791669008800,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a lifelong neurodisability caused by exposure to alcohol in utero. It can have a severe impact on the affected child as well as their families, yet the costs associated are unclear. This scoping review sought to identify the costs associated with raising a child with FASD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A database search was conducted in July 2024 on PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline and Web of Science, searching for all empirical research on the \u201ccost\u201d to \u201ccaregivers\u201d of raising a child with \u201cFASD\u201d. Articles were excluded if they did not outline the costs of FASD, or the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, or if they did not contain parent\/caregiver response. After the removal of duplicates, 421 unique articles were found based on the search criteria. Just three articles met the inclusion\/exclusion criteria. Two additional publications were identified through citation checking. Thus, five articles were included in this review. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the findings and synthesise the results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Personal costs ranged between USD$198.13\u2010CAD$6215,27 per person per year. These articles identified that parents incurred costs related to medical care, education, social services, productivity losses, externalising behaviours, other direct costs to the family, and psychosocial impacts on families. Differences were considered in relation to the child's age, age at the time of diagnosis, severity of disability, relationship to caregiver, location, and other demographic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More research is needed to provide a more accurate estimate of the cost of raising a child with FASD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.14071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T13:00:16Z","timestamp":1746363616000},"page":"1468-1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: The Caring and Financial Burden to Caregivers\u2014A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6059-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josie","family":"Tait","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Community Health School of Population Health, The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8286-159X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociology, Gender Studies and Criminology University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6389-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"McCormack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science University of Otago  Dunedin New\u00a0Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-3872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Community Health School of Population Health, The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5900-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna Ting Wai","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Community Health School of Population Health, The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Addiction Research Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13619"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.141593"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"e191","article-title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: New Zealand Birth Mothers' Experiences","volume":"15","author":"Salmon J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718816064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404172"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2007.00178.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsj029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-127.5.355"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Strengths and Challenges: A Young Adult Pictures FASD Through Photovoice","volume":"14","author":"Burles M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Review of Disability Studies: An International Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nin.12451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2019.103478"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22605\/RRH5206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-4-81"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"e51","article-title":"A Model for Estimating the Economic Impact of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"19","author":"Popova S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000438"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Productivity Losses Associated With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in New Zealand","volume":"129","author":"Easton B.","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Zealand Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"NZIER \u201cCosts of Alcohol Harms in New Zealand: Updating the Evidence With Recent Research. 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