{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:18:31Z","timestamp":1790381911855,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001787","name":"University of South Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A group of synthetic opioids, the nitazenes, is appearing in the illicit drug market. Monitoring these novel psychoactive substances is challenging due to constantly evolving analogues and the small amounts of these potent drugs that are consumed. This study aimed to investigate the presence of nitazenes in drug paraphernalia in South Australia using sensitive and selective analytical methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Injecting drug paraphernalia samples were collected from needle and syringe programme sites in South Australia that offer disposal services. Chemical analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify nitazenes in these samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nitazenes were detected in 16 samples from a total of 300 (5%). Two of these samples contained more than one nitazene in combination with the non\u2010opioid sedative xylazine. The main drug detected in the nitazene\u2010positive samples was heroin. Seven different nitazenes were detected across all samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Due to their relatively high potency and harm potential, the detection of nitazenes in drug paraphernalia is a public health concern. All nitazene\u2010positive samples contained other drugs, indicating potential poly\u2010drug use, needle and syringe re\u2010use, or contamination of the drug of choice with nitazenes. This study shows that chemical analysis of drug paraphernalia is feasible, non\u2010invasive, and effective, providing early signal identification to monitor the appearance of dangerous novel psychoactive substances being consumed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T17:00:33Z","timestamp":1753981233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Searching for a Needle in a Haystack: Chemical Analysis Reveals Nitazenes Found in Drug Paraphernalia Residues"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Emma L.","family":"Keller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7736-7922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brock","family":"Peake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley S.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug and Alcohol Services South Australia, SA Health  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Trobbiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science SA  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cobus","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"Victoria State Government Department of Health \u201cMetonitazene Sold as Cocaine \u201d2023(Press release)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3707"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2024.2383692"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification of the Novel Synthetic Opioid N\u2010Pyrrolidino Isotonitazene at an Australian Drug Checking Service","author":"Curtis B.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical Toxicity of Nitazene Detections in Two Australian Emergency Department Toxicosurveillance Systems","author":"Isoardi K. Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7226a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13920"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.14512"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170781"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-36425-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","article-title":"Australian Drug Trends 2024: Key Findings From the National Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS) Interviews","author":"Sutherland R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13803"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7217a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103130"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13909"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.1c00232"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104803"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.50630"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-024-01211-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.14512"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","unstructured":"Government of South Australia \u201cProtonitazene Cases in South Australia \u201d2023(Press release)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-021-00381-1"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.70010","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dar.70010","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.70010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T01:11:33Z","timestamp":1771204293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.70010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.70010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.70010","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70010"}}