{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T20:37:42Z","timestamp":1762202262778,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01DA003574\u201039","T32DA007233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01DA003574\u201039","T32DA007233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Naloxone carriage allows for timely use to reverse opioid\u2010involved overdoses. This study seeks to determine the prevalence of naloxone carriage, as well as associated factors, among people who inject drugs in New York City.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using respondent\u2010driven sampling, people who inject drugs across New York City were recruited to complete a cross\u2010sectional survey between 2021 and 2024. Naloxone carriage was defined as self\u2010reporting naloxone carriage \u2018most of the time\u2019 or \u2018always\u2019. Variables related to demographics, substance use, overdose, treatment history, syringe source and prior naloxone experience were included. Data were analysed using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this sample of 361 participants, 162 (45%) reported naloxone carriage. The majority of participants were male (71%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009258) with an average age of 48.48 (SD 10.23). The odds of carrying naloxone were significantly higher among those who experienced recent food insecurity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34, 3.56), reported fewer years of injection drug use (aOR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01, 1.05), used naloxone to reverse someone else's overdose (aOR 2.54; 95% CI 1.56, 4.14), received syringes from a syringe service program (aOR 3.33; 95% CI 1.61, 7.14), and used test shots as an overdose prevention strategy (aOR 2.55; 95% CI 1.33, 3.56).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While a higher prevalence than other studies, less than half the sample reported naloxone carriage. There are modifiable factors that can increase naloxone carriage at the individual level. However, given the low prevalence of naloxone carriage, there is a need for further intervention, particularly at the systemic level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T05:55:42Z","timestamp":1755582942000},"page":"1847-1855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Naloxone Carriage Among People Who Inject Drugs in New York City"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4995-3489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Kimball","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology New York University School of Global Public Health  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenziheng A.","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology New York University School of Global Public Health  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8685-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney","family":"McKnight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology New York University School of Global Public Health  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Center for Drug Use and HIV\/HCV Research  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Khezri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology New York University School of Global Public Health  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Don Des","family":"Jarlais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology New York University School of Global Public Health  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Center for Drug Use and HIV\/HCV Research  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/170565"},{"volume-title":"Unintentional Drug Poisoning (Overdose) Deaths in New York City in 2023","year":"2024","author":"Tuazon E.","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2016.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00745-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"FDA \u201cFDA News Release: FDA Approves Second Over\u2010the\u2010Counter Naloxone Nasal Spray Product \u201d(2023) https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news\u2010events\/press\u2010announcements\/fda\u2010approves\u2010second\u2010over\u2010counter\u2010naloxone\u2010nasal\u2010spray\u2010product."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2022.2074597"},{"volume-title":"New York State's Opioid Overdose Regulations Questions and Answers","year":"2023","author":"NYSDOH","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"NYC \u201cDe Blasio Administration Launches Comprehensive Effort to Reduce Opioid Misuse and Overdose Deaths Across the City \u201d(2015) New York City https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/office\u2010of\u2010the\u2010mayor\/news\/919\u201015\/de\u2010blasio\u2010administration\u2010launches\u2010comprehensive\u2010effort\u2010reduce\u2010opioid\u2010misuse\u2010overdose\u2010deaths#\/0."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000001014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"New York City Mayor's Office of Media and Entertainment \u201cMayor Adams Signs Legislation to Prevent Overdoses in Nightlife Venues [Press Release] \u201d(2022) New York City https:\/\/www.nyc.gov\/site\/mome\/news\/10122022\u2010narcan\u2010legislation\u2010nightlife.page."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene \u201cHealth Department Launches NYC'S First Public Health Vending Machine \u201d(2023) New York City 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