{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:49:47Z","timestamp":1790153387753,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5UG3DA056881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5UG3DA056881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P20GM125507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P20GM125507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The illicit drug supply constantly fluctuates, with new adulterants and unexpected mixtures creating uncertainty. Point\u2010of\u2010care drug\u2010checking services are vital in reducing overdose risk and other harms by providing real\u2010time analysis, harm reduction education and links to care. This study aimed to characterise the local drug supply using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, complemented by Liquid Chromatography\u2010Quadrupole time\u2010of\u2010flight Mass Spectrometry (LC\u2010QToF\u2010MS) for additional context, from drug residues collected through a drug\u2010checking program within a Rhode Island harm reduction site.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From January to May 2023, 100 samples were analysed using FTIR and sent for additional qualitative and semi\u2010quantitative testing via LC\u2010QToF\u2010MS. Substances detected by both methods were summarised by prevalence, mixture composition and alignment with self\u2010reported drug categories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fentanyl (53%) and cocaine (48%) were the most prevalent substances detected by FTIR, followed by xylazine (10%) and methamphetamine (8%). Cross\u2010category analysis revealed cocaine in 36% of opioid\u2010reported samples and fentanyl in 3% of self\u2010reported cocaine samples, underscoring the mixed nature of the supply. We found the local fentanyl supply (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200957) showed high variability, with 15 additional components detected by FTIR, including xylazine (19.3%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide a snapshot of the unpredictable and highly mixed nature of the Rhode Island drug supply defined by stimulant\u2010opioid overlaps, xylazine adulteration and the presence of cocaine across drug categories. By pairing real\u2010time FTIR with laboratory\u2010based analysis, we provided actionable information back to service users while also uncovering deeper patterns in local drug trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T06:21:23Z","timestamp":1758522083000},"page":"1866-1874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Point\u2010Of\u2010Care Drug\u2010Checking: Assessing the Rhode Island Drug Supply Using\n                    <scp>FTIR<\/scp>\n                    Spectroscopy to Detect Fentanyl, Xylazine and Other Substances"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Merci","family":"Ujeneza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COBRE on Opioids and Overdose, Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Tardif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COBRE on Opioids and Overdose, Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COBRE on Opioids and Overdose, Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina","family":"Badea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Brown University Health  Providence Rhode Island USA"},{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Project Weber Renew  Pawtucket Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cole","family":"Altomare\u2010Jarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heller School for Social Policy and Management Brandeis University  Waltham Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Traci C.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COBRE on Opioids and Overdose, Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"},{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"},{"name":"Heller School for Social Policy and Management Brandeis University  Waltham Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Serafinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COBRE on Opioids and Overdose, Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5047-4413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COBRE on Opioids and Overdose, Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Nyeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COBRE on Opioids and Overdose, Rhode Island Hospital  Providence Rhode Island USA"},{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm8147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306881"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/29767342231214472"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15734"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"\u201cHarm Reduction International \u201d(2022) https:\/\/hri.global\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00058-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"E.Thompson J.Tardif T.Green J.Bird andJ. 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