{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:36Z","timestamp":1769212836099,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DA056790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DA056790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fentanyl test strips (FTS) are increasingly recommended for non\u2010heroin drugs to detect potential fentanyl adulteration. The aim of this study was to better understand how people are using FTS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In simulation exercises between September and October 2023, 40 people who used drugs participated in a mock use of FTS on a simulated drug, interpreted FTS results and completed interviews about their FTS use. Data were analysed in NVivo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prior to study enrolment, 80% of participants reported receiving training on using FTS, some had instructed others on their use, and 71% reported a positive result at the last use of a FTS on a non\u2010heroin drug. During the simulation exercise, none of the participants used FTS as recommended: most under\u2010diluted the sample or used the FTS in another manner not indicated. During the interpretation of FTS strip results, 45% correctly interpreted a positive test; 55% a negative test with clear lines; and 30% a negative test with a faint second line.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observed errors in FTS simulations would likely lead to false positive results. Findings highlight the lack of appropriate training people have received and the need to develop educational approaches to ensure people use FTS properly to optimise their impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T06:43:10Z","timestamp":1760424190000},"page":"1885-1895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Urgent Need for Pairing Training and Education With Fentanyl Test Strip Distribution"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4367-7076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan K.","family":"Reed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center for Connected Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"College of Population Health Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Esteves Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Connected Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3882-4956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin L.","family":"Rising","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Center for Connected Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Laurano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Connected Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Albaciete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Connected Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College Thomas Jefferson University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine  Nutley New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6928-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen E.","family":"Lankenau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Prevention Drexel University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control \u201cDrug Overdose Deaths \u201d2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6831a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Notes From the Field: Furanyl\u2010Fentanyl Overdose Events Caused by Smoking Contaminated Crack Cocaine\u2014British Columbia","volume":"65","author":"Klar S. A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Canada"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"San Francisco Department of Public Health \u201cHealth Alert Fentanyl Overdoses Among Persons Using Cocaine \u201d2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"A.Whelan \u201cTwo People Die in Rash of Crack\u2010Fentanyl Overdoses in West Philadelphia \u201d2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Philadelphia Department of Public Health \u201cUnintentional Drug Overdose Fatalities in Philadelphia \u201d2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u201cFentanyl Test Strips: A Harm Reduction Strategy \u201d2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGPO.2018.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGPO.2021.103147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135\u2010017\u20100574\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control \u201cFederal Grantees May Now Use Funds to Purchase Fentanyl Test Strips\u2014CDC Online Newsroom \u201d2021 April 7 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954\u2010018\u20100276\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGPO.2018.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JSAT.2022.108790"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2017.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954\u2010023\u201000921\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12954\u2010021\u201000478\u20104"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.70049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T20:24:20Z","timestamp":1762201460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.70049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.70049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.70049","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}