{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:36:28Z","timestamp":1788759388713,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Issues<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aimed to estimate the prevalence of non\u2010medical anabolic\u2010androgenic steroid (AAS) use among same\u2010sex attracted men (SSM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review of peer\u2010reviewed articles in English, focusing on AAS use among SSM. We excluded grey literature and studies that measure AAS use through some form of analysis (e.g., hair or urine). Ten databases were searched. Titles and abstracts for all articles were screened, followed by full\u2010text assessment and data extraction by multiple authors. The pooled overall and subgroup (gym\/community\u2010recruited SSM) lifetime and past 12\u2010month prevalence of AAS use among SSM was obtained using a generalised linear random effects model, which was reported when heterogeneity of estimates was not high. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nine studies met inclusion criteria. All studies were conducted in high\u2010income countries. Overall, the pooled lifetime and past 12\u2010month prevalences of AAS use were 13.9% (95% CI 9.2%\u201320.5%, 6 studies) and 8.1% (95% CI 3.9%\u201316.2%, 3 studies), respectively. Among the gym subgroup, the pooled lifetime and past 12\u2010month prevalences were 15.2% (95% CI 11.6%\u201319.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200972.8%, 3 studies) in the gym subgroup and 13.3% (95% CI 9.9%\u201317.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200973.1%, 2 studies). The difference in lifetime prevalence between gym and community\u2010recruited SSM was not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.676).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The non\u2010medical use of AAS among SSM is higher than general global estimates, with some evidence that use may be higher among gym users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T10:32:13Z","timestamp":1765794733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Prevalence of Anabolic\u2010Androgenic Steroid Use Among Same\u2010Sex Attracted Men: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Pascual","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Social Development Deakin University  Geelong Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6177-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Piatkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology and Griffith Centre for Mental Health Griffith University  Gold Coast Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric H. 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