{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T05:00:15Z","timestamp":1774501215898,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The growing accessibility of movies through streaming platforms has expanded audience reach, but also increases exposure to alcohol portrayals, which is an established risk factor for alcohol use. Hence, estimating alcohol depictions is important yet challenging due to the time and labor involved. Artificial Intelligence offers a scalable solution for analysing movie frames; however, processing every frame of a full\u2010length movie at 25 frames per second (fps) requires extensive computational resources. Thus, we aimed to test whether lower\u2010frequency sampling would affect the accuracy of alcohol exposure estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analysed 20 feature\u2010length movies with varying known alcohol visibility and analysed each frame using zero\u2010shot predictions from a LLaVA v1.6 model (accuracy\u2009=\u200995%) as our baseline. We applied uniform downsampling from 25\u2009fps (full\u2010framerate) to 1\u2009fps and sparse interval sampling of 1 frame per N seconds (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091,2,\u2026,10), measuring both alcohol\u2010proportion estimates and execution time. To assess the sampling\u2010induced error, we computed the difference score, as the difference between sampled and full\u2010frame alcohol proportions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sampling frequency of 1\u2009fps yielded an average difference score below 0.10 compared to the full\u2010frame analysis, while reducing execution time by 25\u2010fold. Error increased at sparser intervals, reaching a difference score of 0.46 at one frame per 10\u2009s.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reducing the sampling frequency from 25 to 1\u2009fps resulted in only a minimal loss of accuracy but a substantial reduction in execution time. This finding supports 1\u2009fps as a practical and scalable sampling frequency for large\u2010scale movie alcohol exposure estimation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T04:34:26Z","timestamp":1768797266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Scalable Sampling Approach for Artificial Intelligence\u2010Based Alcohol Content Estimation in Movies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5384-3368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samatha","family":"Pararath Salim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology La Trobe University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8931-0790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Kuntsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6374-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Millward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology La Trobe University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7805-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Riordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Statista \u201cNumber of Distinct Movies and TV Seasons on Selected Subscription Video\u2010on\u2010Demand (SVOD) Services in the United States as of 3rd Quarter 2023 \u201d2025 https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1411952\/movies\u2010tv\u2010seasons\u2010selected\u2010svod\u2010platforms\u2010us\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/IQ.28.1.f"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_294_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01932.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01373-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.6.1369"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040630"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdt074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16427"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39169-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"H.Liu C.Li Q.Wu andY. 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