{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T02:02:20Z","timestamp":1771207340339,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001787","name":"University of South Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The residue analysis of disposed paraphernalia from people who inject drugs is a novel way to discern drug taking behaviours. This study aimed to investigate the presence of conventional and novel psychoactive substances (NPS) in drug paraphernalia in South Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drug paraphernalia were collected in November and December 2024 from sharps disposal bins at three needle and syringe program locations. A total of 300 items of paraphernalia were taken from bins, including syringes, bags, drug storage vials\/containers and filters. The items were rinsed with methanol, the solvent filtered and prepared for analysis using a Sciex 6500\u2009+\u2009QTrap liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS) and detections confirmed using authentic reference materials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high proportion of paraphernalia contained methamphetamine (61%) and\/or heroin (38%). A majority (57%) of the items analysed contained 2 or more drugs. In total, 14 different NPS were detected across 46 items of paraphernalia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The large number of paraphernalia items that had multiple drugs detected was likely an indication of polysubstance use. Residue analysis of drug paraphernalia is an objective approach to complement those currently used to ascertain drug trends, which strengthens harm reduction and public health responses to drug use. This study shows that drug residue analysis is feasible, non\u2010invasive and effective, providing a near\u2010real time approach to monitor the appearance of high potency NPS and other drugs being consumed, and determining trends in conventional substance use by people who inject drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T05:29:08Z","timestamp":1769232548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Traces of Use: Uncovering Drug Use Insights From Paraphernalia Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Emma L.","family":"Keller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7736-7922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brock","family":"Peake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6356-962X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley S.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug and Alcohol Services South Australia SA Health  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cobus","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation University of South Australia  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13772"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"R.Sutherland A.Karlsson J.Uporova et\u00a0al. \u201cAustralian Drug Trends: Key Findings From the National Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) Interviews \u201d(2024) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre: 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Service\u2014Monthly Report \u201d(2025) https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/68246f9efe435317efa3188a\/t\/692f84402fe5632fb564e829\/1764721728844\/Final+VPTS+Monthly+Report+fixed+site+OCTOBER+2025+.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103130"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2024.104677"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104803"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.1c00232"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3284"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107909"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","unstructured":"R.Sutherland \u201cAustralian Drug Trends 2024: Key Findings From the National Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System (EDRS) Interviews \u201d(2024) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre 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