{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:35:26Z","timestamp":1773009326647,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K18HD117390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K18HD117390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Firearm violence is a major public health concern in the United States (US). Alcohol use and features of the alcohol environment, including outlet type and alcohol control policies, are factors known to increase the risk of firearm violence. On\u2010premise alcohol outlets, where alcohol is sold and consumed on site, may influence firearm violence risk through modifications in the physical environment, social processes and policy contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional study examining the association between multilevel characteristics of on\u2010premise alcohol outlets and other social ecological conditions and shooting incidents across 69 US cities from 2022\u20132023. Shooting incidents were spatially linked to outlets within a 10\u2010m buffer. A multivariable generalised linear mixed model with a logit link assessed associations between outlet, neighbourhood, and state factors and the odds of a shooting incident.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 19,472 on\u2010premise outlets experienced 290 shooting incidents during the study period. Compared with bars, restaurants (OR\u2009=\u20090.58; 95% CI 0.42, 0.80) and other outlets (OR\u2009=\u20090.58; 95% CI 0.34, 1.00) had lower odds of experiencing a shooting. Greater neighbourhood socioeconomic advantage (per 1 SD increase: OR\u2009=\u20090.64; 95% CI 0.56, 0.74) and stronger state\u2010level firearm laws (per 1 SD increase: 0.72; 95% CI 0.53, 0.97) were also found to be negatively associated with shooting incidents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings align with prior research linking stronger firearm laws, neighbourhood advantage and outlet type to reduced firearm violence risk. Multilevel prevention strategies addressing both structural and outlet\u2010specific factors may help reduce firearm violence in on\u2010premise alcohol outlets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:28:55Z","timestamp":1770812935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multilevel Associations Between Outlet Characteristics, Contextual Factors and Firearm Violence at On\u2010Premise Alcohol Outlets in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3135-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brady","family":"Bushover","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah E.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1235-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina A.","family":"Mehranbod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher N.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Firearm Violence: A Public Health Crisis in America: The U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory","author":"Office of the Surgeon General (OSG)","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v45.1.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2094589"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-009-9082-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2024.101979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small Steps","author":"Clarke R. 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NAICS Code Description 2024 https:\/\/www.naics.com\/naics\u2010code\u2010description\/?code=7224."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau American Community Survey 5\u2010Year Data (2009\u20132023) 2024 https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/developers\/data\u2010sets\/acs\u20105year.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Alcohol Policy Information System 2025 https:\/\/alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000001944"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"ChangeLab Solutions Status of State Dram Shop Liability 2025 https:\/\/www.changelabsolutions.org\/product\/status\u2010state\u2010dram\u2010shop\u2010liability."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"360 Training State Liquor Laws: What Time You Can Buy Alcohol 2024 https:\/\/www.360training.com\/blog\/state\u2010liquor\u2010laws."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"Everytown Research & Policy. 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