{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:11:45Z","timestamp":1773015105832,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2025894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2025894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT2037997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2037997"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Timely surveillance of opioid\u2010related harm is critical to inform public health responses and policy evaluation. In Australia, where prescription and illicit opioids remain a leading cause of unintentional drug\u2010induced deaths, emergency departments (ED) are a vital point of contact for acute opioid poisonings. Existing surveillance systems rely on structured coding, yet much relevant information is recorded in free\u2010text fields, leading to underreporting or misclassification. This limits opportunistic identification of emerging patterns and weakens the evidence base for evaluating policy reforms. We aim to improve surveillance accuracy by applying natural language processing (NLP) to routinely collected ED data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using medical concept annotation tools, we will develop models trained on 15\u2009years of Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset (VEMD) records. These models will analyse both unstructured and structured fields to identify opioid poisoning presentations and be validated against a manually coded gold standard using standard performance metrics. In the second phase, we will incorporate additional unstructured clinical information such as discharge summaries from hospital electronic records, which are not available in the VEMD data, thereby allowing more comprehensive and accurate classification. Finally, we will assess the utility of NLP\u2010enhanced data in evaluating three major opioid policy changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first to apply NLP at large scale to Australian ED data for drug poisonings. By improving the accuracy and consistency of opioid poisoning identification, this approach can strengthen routine surveillance and better inform timely policy and health system responses without increasing the workload for clinical staff.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:24:54Z","timestamp":1771482294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transforming Opioid Poisoning Surveillance Through Novel Technologies: Rationale and Methodological Protocol for Applying Natural Language Processing to Emergency Department Data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5033-6248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4902-7293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7543-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna F.","family":"Dipnall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine Deakin University  Geelong Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5803-7178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Hayman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Injury Surveillance Unit, Monash University Accident Research Centre  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7530-5664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Beare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Clinical School, School of Translational Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Healthy Ageing Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadine E.","family":"Andrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Clinical School, School of Translational Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Healthy Ageing Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8609-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Roxburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7871-6234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"Dietze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5341-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Medication Without Harm: Policy Brief","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Opioid Overdose","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00474.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Minister for Health SafeScript Rolls Out Statewide to Save More Lives: Melbourne2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"Therapeutic Goods Administration Prescription Opioids: What Changes Are Being Made and Why? 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