{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T20:06:06Z","timestamp":1792526766519,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K99AA031716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K99AA031716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR135310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR135310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Governance of alcohol\u2010free and low\u2010alcohol (No\/Lo) drinks has the potential to influence their public health impact. However, regulation remains poorly understood. This study aimed to identify, summarise and compare formal legal frameworks, non\u2010binding government guidance and recognised self\u2010regulatory frameworks for the labelling, taxation, licensing and condition of sale and marketing of No\/Lo drinks across a diverse set of countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a desk\u2010based analysis, supplemented by expert input. Eight case study countries (Australia, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Thailand, the United Kingdom [UK] and the United States of America) were selected for their diversity in geography, alcohol consumption and policy environments. Targeted searches identified documents for determining how No\/Lo products were regulated in relation to their labelling, taxation, licensing and conditions of sale and marketing. Data were extracted, tabulated and reviewed for accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regulatory thresholds (%ABV) that determine when drinks fall under alcohol legislation vary widely both across and within countries and definitions of No\/Lo products are uncommon. For example, drinks can be labelled as alcohol\u2010free at \u2264\u20090.05% alcohol by volume (ABV) in the UK, but \u2264\u20091.15% ABV in parts of Australia. Sales of drinks below defined thresholds generally do not require a premises licence. Marketing restrictions were generally shaped by those for standard alcoholic drinks, although new self\u2010regulatory guidance has been developed in Australia, the Netherlands and the UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Governance of No\/Lo drinks is fragmented and inconsistent, with definitions and regulatory thresholds varying both across countries and between policy areas within countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T08:18:22Z","timestamp":1772957902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Regulation of Alcohol\u2010Free and Low\u2010Alcohol Drinks: Learning From a Comparative Analysis of Eight Countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1684-5238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn","family":"Burton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing and Health University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Angus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing and Health University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing and Health University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing and Health University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9145-8874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Critchlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Marketing and Health University of Stirling  Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8799-8963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inge","family":"Kersbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Bath  Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9283-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Related Research University of Sheffield  Sheffield 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