{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T08:27:03Z","timestamp":1780648023704,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We are at a critical juncture for drug policy reform. Toxic drug supply is driving unprecedented deaths in North America, with countries calling for decriminalisation. Policy reform in Australia has occurred in some states (e.g., decriminalisation in the Australian Capital Territory), stalling in others (e.g., the second supervised injecting facility [SIF] in Victoria). The objectives of this paper are to present trends in attitudes to drug policy in Australia, 2001\u20132022\/23 and media reporting of related policies, to explore how public opinion and media attention have changed over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of (i) National Drug Strategy Household Survey data on attitudes to drugs\/drug policies; and (ii) Factiva for media reporting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2022\/23, Australians supported needle and syringe programs (67.8%), SIFs (58.3%), take home naloxone (60.9%) and drug checking services (64.4%). They opposed legalisation of methamphetamine (86.6%), heroin (85.6%), cocaine (78.2%) and ecstasy (75.8%), while a larger proportion supported cannabis legalisation (44.6%). Australians supported a health response to possession of drugs (57.3% for methamphetamine, 80.9% for cannabis) rather than a criminal response. Methamphetamine was increasingly reported as the drug of most concern (2.9%\u201342.5%), decreasing for heroin (44.9%\u201311.4%), 2001\u20132022\/23. Methamphetamine media articles increased (272\u20132426); heroin decreased (2136\u2013973), 2000\u20132023. Mentions increased for SIFs (spiking at 175, 2019) and decriminalisation\/legalisation (spiking at 242, 2019).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Support for harm reduction remains high and low for legalisation. Media focused on methamphetamine, SIFs and decriminalisation\/legalisation. Despite opposition towards legalisation, most Australians favoured a health response to drug use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T17:00:16Z","timestamp":1773594016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Attitudes to Drug Policy in Australia, 2001\u20132022\/23: What Does This Mean for Drug Policy Reform in Australia?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6836-5817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harm and Risk Reduction Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8609-0075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Roxburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harm and Risk Reduction Burnet Institute  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789211065534"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15844"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033\u2010023\u201000601\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkac062"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S312227"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103854"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12426"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13468"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(19)32231\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S244720"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904\u2010017\u20100363\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2022.2028203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15734"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Evaluation of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme\u2010Subsidised Take Home Naloxone Pilot","author":"Salom C.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214\u2010109X(23)00058\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.220892"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103709"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524\u2010020\u201000489\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102019\u2010035148"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.4170"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(17)31869\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.108282"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2013.793892"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104213"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003224501"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","volume-title":"Monograph No.18: The Coordination of Australian Illicit Drug Policy: A Governance Perspective","author":"Hughes C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","volume-title":"A Review of Australian Public Opinion Surveys on Illicit Drugs","author":"Matthew\u2010Simmons F.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13392"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","volume-title":"Needle and Syringe Programs: HIV Prevention","author":"Alcohol and Drug Foundation","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","volume-title":"Monograph no.21: An Assessment of Illicit Drug Policy in Australia (1985 to 2010): Themes and Trends","author":"Ritter A.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","volume-title":"Drug Law Reform Changes to Commence","author":"ACT Government","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","volume-title":"Pill Testing in Australia","author":"Alcohol and Drug Foundation","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","volume-title":"NSW Drug Checking Trial","author":"NSW Health","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","unstructured":"R.WilllinghamandB.Rollason \u201cVictorian Government Scraps Plans for a Second Supervised Injecting Room in Melbourne \u201dABC April 23 2024 https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2024\u201004\u201023\/melbourne\u2010cbd\u2010safe\u2010injecting\u2010room\u2010scrapped\u2010drug\u2010service\/103756920s."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465\u20103362.2010.00239.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13426"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2012.755494"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13937"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465\u20103362.2012.00497.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230500263897"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","volume-title":"Message Guide: Drug Stigma","author":"Common Cause Australia","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare \u201cNDSHS 2022 Technical Report \u201dADA Dataverse V3 2023 accessed January 20 2025 https:\/\/dataverse.ada.edu.au\/file.xhtml?fileId=18994&version=3.0."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0600600104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230701373867"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","volume-title":"Evidence Brief for Harm Reduction Initiatives: DPMP Evidence Hub for the NSW Drug Summit 2024","author":"Stewart A.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/23442"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011\u2010015\u20100022\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954\u2010015\u20100060\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.060863"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","volume-title":"Monograph no.6: A Systematic Review of Harm Reduction","author":"Ritter A.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","volume-title":"Final Report of the Evaluation of the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre","author":"MSIC Evaluation Committee","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1996.tb122243.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326\u20105377.2002.tb04289.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102023\u2010082553"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","unstructured":"C.Heaney \u201cSecond Australian Hydromorphone Trial Announced \u201dnewsGP April 26 2024 https:\/\/www1.racgp.org.au\/newsgp\/clinical\/second\u2010australian\u2010hydromorphone\u2010trial\u2010announced."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","unstructured":"S.Verghis \u201c\u2018We Are Ticking Time Bombs\u2019: Inside Australia's Meth Crisis \u201dTime May 3 2017 https:\/\/time.com\/4737800\/meth\u2010australia\u2010ice\u2010crystal\u2010methamphetamine\u2010methylamphetamine\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","unstructured":"L.KnowlesandA.McClymont \u201cAustralia in the Grip of an Ice Epidemic With Makeshift Labs Leaving a Toxic Legacy \u201dABC News January 25 2015 https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2015\u201001\u201025\/australia\u2010in\u2010the\u2010grip\u2010of\u2010an\u2010ice\u2010epidemic\u2010labs\u2010leave\u2010toxic\u2010legacy\/6043314."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753\u20106405.13030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","volume-title":"Monograph no.19: Media Reporting on Illicit Drugs in Australia: Trends and Impacts on Youth Attitudes to Illicit Drug Use","author":"Hughes C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1329878X0310800110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2008.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10345329.1998.12036112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","unstructured":"Victorian Health Building Authority \u201cMedically Supervised Injecting Room Project \u201d2024 accessed January 20 2025 https:\/\/www.vhba.vic.gov.au\/mental\u2010health\/alcohol\u2010and\u2010other\u2010drugs\/medically\u2010supervised\u2010injecting\u2010room."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","unstructured":"N.Wallis \u201cWhy is the Herald Sun Obsessed With Medically Supervised Injection? \u201dAOD Media Watch 2021 updated May 20 2021 accessed December 20 2024 https:\/\/www.aodmediawatch.com.au\/herald\u2010sun\u2010obsessed\u2010with\u2010medically\u2010supervised\u2010injection\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","unstructured":"J.McMaugh \u201cResidents Government and Health Experts Support Injection Rooms. Why Doesn't Television News? \u201d2020AOD Media Watch 2020 updated July 14 2020 accessed December 20 2024 https:\/\/www.aodmediawatch.com.au\/residents\u2010government\u2010and\u2010health\u2010experts\u2010support\u2010injection\u2010rooms\u2010why\u2010doesnt\u2010television\u2010news\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","unstructured":"ABC \u201cHerald Sun Says No. Media Watch \u201d2021 accessed October 1 2023 https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/mediawatch\/episodes\/needle\/13357230."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","unstructured":"R.Willingham \u201cAs Victoria's Net Debt Soars the Government Walks a Tightrope Trying to Balance the Books \u201dABC News April 19 2024 https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2024\u201004\u201019\/victorian\u2010government\u2010debt\u2010budget\u2010jacinta\u2010allan\u2010tim\u2010pallas\/103740864."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20102667(24)00001\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.40736"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime \u201cAfghanistan Opium Survey 2023 \u201d2023 accessed December 20 2024 https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/crop\u2010monitoring\/Afghanistan\/Afghanistan_opium_survey_2023.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","volume-title":"Emerging Drug Briefing: Increasing Reports of Nitazene Toxicity in Australia","author":"National Centre for Clinical Research on Emerging Drugs (NCCRED)","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","volume-title":"NSW Drug Summit 2024","author":"NSW Health","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","volume-title":"Evidence Hub for the NSW Drug Summit 2024","author":"UNSW","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","volume-title":"Monograph no 36: The Australian 'Drug Budget': Government Drug Policy Expenditure 2021\/22","author":"Ritter A.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","volume-title":"About","author":"AOD Media Watch","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","volume-title":"Legalising Drugs? Improving the Quality of Debate","author":"Kelaita P.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","volume-title":"Decriminalisation or Legalisation: Injecting Evidence in the Drug Law Reform Debate","author":"Ritter A.","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.70130","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dar.70130","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.70130","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T10:51:09Z","timestamp":1774349469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.70130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.70130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.70130","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70130"}}