{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:15:11Z","timestamp":1774354511197,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012645","name":"University of Texas at Dallas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a major public health concern worldwide, with alcohol use during adolescence often leading to AUD in adulthood. Early identification of high\u2010risk individuals is critical for reducing AUD risk. Absolute risk prediction models can help by providing individualised, time\u2010specific risk assessments for the target population of adolescents and young adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a deep learning model to provide personalised absolute risk estimates of developing AUD among adolescents or young adults who use alcohol, using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Predictor importance was assessed using Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) values. Model performance was evaluated using five\u2010fold cross\u2010validation (CV) with the area under the curve (AUC) and the ratio of expected to observed cases (E\/O). The model was validated on an independent test dataset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Key predictors are biological sex, delinquency, and personality traits such as conscientiousness and extraversion. For predicting AUD risk within 6\u2009years of first alcohol use, the model achieved AUCs of 0.72 in CV and 0.85 in independent validation, with E\/O ratios of 1.03 and 1.28, respectively. In the test data, the weighted average AUC for 1\u2010 to 6\u2010year prediction after first alcohol use was 0.86. These results indicate good discrimination and calibration performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, the proposed model is the first deep learning model for absolute risk prediction of AUD. It can help identify high\u2010risk adolescents and young adults, who may be then provided with timely and clinically appropriate interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T15:45:31Z","timestamp":1772984731000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Deep Learning Model for Absolute Risk Prediction of Alcohol Use Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Tingfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, Texas Artificial Intelligence Research Institute University of Texas at Dallas  Richardson Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7758-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swati","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, Texas Artificial Intelligence Research Institute University of Texas at Dallas  Richardson Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pankaj K.","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, Texas Artificial Intelligence Research Institute University of Texas at Dallas  Richardson Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(90)90050-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00317-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Principles of Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment: A Research\u2010Based Guide","author":"NIDA","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00806.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315117539"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djm223"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001492"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-016-4039-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-022-06612-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30470"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"1062","article-title":"The Prediction of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Scoping Review","volume":"2019","author":"Ebrahimi A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3126777"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109476"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.14098"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002482"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230500102434"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00011-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz115"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2025.2489159"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2025.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117548"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.112.1.60"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"United States Life Tables, 2021","volume":"72","author":"Arias E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"National Vital Statistics Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/b97377"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0482-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","first-page":"216","article-title":"Contribution to the Discussion of d.R. 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