{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T09:08:00Z","timestamp":1779440880506,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID\u201019 pandemic created a unique context for tobacco\u2010related risk communication amongst adolescents. This study examined the link between COVID\u201019\u2013related smoking risk perceptions and current nicotine use amongst Saudi school adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were drawn from the 2022 Saudi Arabia Global Youth Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative school\u2010based survey (overall response rate: 92.3%). The analytic sample included 4984 adolescents aged 13\u201315\u2009years. The primary outcome was current use (\u2265\u20091\u2009day in the past 30\u2009days) of any nicotine product, including cigarettes, shisha, smokeless tobacco, heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes. Key exposures were beliefs about whether smoking affects COVID\u201019 infection risk and illness severity. Survey\u2010weighted logistic regression estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR), adjusting for sex, grade, weekly spending, parental and peer smoking and school tobacco education. Product\u2010specific sensitivity analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 10.7% of adolescents reported current nicotine use. Adolescents who believed smoking reduced the risk of COVID\u201019 infection had higher odds of nicotine use compared with those who believed it increased risk (aOR\u2009=\u20093.77; 95% CI 2.52\u20135.65). Similarly, perceiving that smoking reduced COVID\u201019 severity was associated with higher odds of use (aOR\u2009=\u20092.34; 95% CI 1.49\u20133.67). In sensitivity analyses, associations for perceived reduced infection risk were observed for both cigarette smoking (aOR\u2009=\u20094.44; 95% CI 2.83\u20136.99) and non\u2010cigarette nicotine use (aOR\u2009=\u20094.09; 95% CI 2.96\u20135.66).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beliefs that smoking lowers COVID\u201019 risks are strongly linked to adolescent nicotine use, underscoring the need for accurate risk communication in youth tobacco prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T06:37:13Z","timestamp":1778481433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Perceived\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 Risk and Current Use of Any Nicotine Product Amongst Adolescents in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2163-004X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najim Z.","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Jeddah  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah M.","family":"Alarifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deputyship of Population Health, Ministry of Health  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine Alfaisal University  Riyadh Saudi\u00a0Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0316-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Alasqah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community, Psychiatric, and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing Qassim University  Buraydah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Nursing Services Department Qassim University Medical City  Buraydah Saudi\u00a0Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed K.","family":"Shukri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Jeddah  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman M.","family":"Albeshry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Jeddah  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohannad A.","family":"Alzain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine King Abdulaziz University  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University  Jeddah Saudi\u00a0Arabia"},{"name":"Family Medicine and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center King Abdulaziz University  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Algarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine University of Jeddah  Jeddah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mowffaq Mohammed","family":"Kalantan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Tabuk  Tabuk Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9640-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Terra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Mansoura University  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5286-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), ECTS (School of Health Sciences and Technologies) Lus\u00f3fona University  Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1814-2248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada","family":"Alqarawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community, Psychiatric, and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing Qassim University  Buraydah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Nursing Services Department Qassim University Medical City  Buraydah Saudi\u00a0Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community, Psychiatric, and Mental Health Nursing, College of Nursing Qassim University  Buraydah Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Nursing Services Department Qassim University Medical City  Buraydah Saudi\u00a0Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Baklola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Mansoura University  Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/197410"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"e51644","article-title":"Exploring the Rise of E\u2010Cigarette Use Among Male Adolescents in Al\u2010Ahsa, Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, Patterns, and Influencing Factors","volume":"16","author":"Alabdulqader M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-024-03716-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2014-0023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1093264"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa113"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010143"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20042970"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103607"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/161860"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2019.9.24477"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389\u2010020\u201001449\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2021.100394"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00610","DOI":"10.34172\/jrhs.2024.145","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescents in Thailand: Evidence From 2021 Global School\u2010Based Health Survey","volume":"24","author":"Adebisi Y. A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Health Science Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739\u2010025\u201004045\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). \u201cSaudi Arabia\u2014Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2022 \u201d (2025) https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/ncdsmicrodata\/index.php\/catalog\/966\/data\u2010dictionary."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Revised Strengthening the Reporting of Cohort, Cross\u2010Sectional and Case\u2010Control Studies in Surgery (STROCSS) Guideline: An Update for the Age of Artificial Intelligence","volume":"6","author":"Agha R. A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Premier Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2022018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S326767"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","first-page":"510","article-title":"The Danger of Misinformation in the COVID\u201019 Crisis","volume":"117","author":"Nelson T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Missouri Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948221110409"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052744"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"Exploring the Dynamic Relationships Between Risk Perception and Behavior in Response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) Outbreak","volume":"1","author":"Qin H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","article-title":"The Health Belief Model of Behavior Change","author":"Alyafei A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"StatPearls"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v16i3.3107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-010-0220-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2019.80.659"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-025-06802-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2008.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2025.103280"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-025-04205-w"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.70166","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dar.70166","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.70166","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T08:48:27Z","timestamp":1779439707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.70166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.70166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.70166","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70166"}}