{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T18:33:34Z","timestamp":1789065214633,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Issue<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines the spread of etomidate\u2010adulterated vaping products (\u2018k\u2010pods\u2019, \u2018space oil\u2019 or \u2018zombie cigarettes\u2019) and compares legal and policy responses across affected jurisdictions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through a review of government reports, forensic data and statutory instruments, the analysis reconstructs the geographic spread of etomidate and its analogues, evaluates their toxicological hazards when aerosolised, and contrasts divergent regulatory strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings show that detection and enforcement are concentrated in East and Southeast Asia, where jurisdictions vary between criminal\u2010control and pharmaceutical\u2010control models. The study recommends three interlocking reforms: (i) adoption of broad\u2010spectrum analogue legislation; (ii) investment in regional forensic infrastructure; and (iii) enhanced real\u2010time information\u2010sharing platforms. These measures would close regulatory loopholes, strengthen surveillance and prosecution, preserve legitimate clinical access, and reduce illicit manufacture, distribution and online commercialisation of etomidate\u2010contaminated vaping products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Etomidate\u2010adulterated vaping constitutes an international governance and public health challenge that is best countered through synchronised legal reform, enhanced forensic infrastructure and accelerated cross\u2010jurisdictional intelligence sharing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:06:01Z","timestamp":1781244361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Etomidate\u2010Adulterated Vaping: Fragmented Global Drug Control and Public Health Risks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2500-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Lassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law Southwest University of Political Science and Law  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Law School Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Zombie Vapes\u2019 Are Sweeping Across Southeast Asia, Sparking a New Public Health Crisis","author":"Fan N.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"\u201cWe Must Block it From Entering Korea\u201d\u2026 the \u2018Zombie Cigarette\u2019 that Caused a Stir in China Rapidly Spreads Among Japanese Youth","author":"Jeil B.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"D.Mok \u201cHong Kong Teen Dies After Being Found Unconscious in Bedroom With \u2018Space Oil\u2019 Drug. 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