{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:48:18Z","timestamp":1785754098999,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT2001107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT2001107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011025","name":"Government of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004752","name":"State Government of Victoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>New psychoactive substances (NPS) present a unique challenge in clinical, public health and drug\u2010policy contexts. Continued diversity, unknown potency and often unintentional exposure can limit the accuracy of self\u2010reported data. This study examined the accuracy of patient\u2010reported NPS and illicit drug exposure in Australian emergency departments (ED).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient\u2010reported drug exposure, clinical and toxicology data were extracted from the Emerging Drugs Network of Australia Clinical Registry between 1 July 2021 and 30 June 2024 for patients presenting with severe and\/or unusual illicit drug toxicity in the ED. Blood samples were analysed using mass spectrometry. Agreement between reported and confirmed exposure was assessed using Cohen's kappa, sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios. Logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with discrepancies between reported and confirmed exposures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 2044 presentations: 64.6% male, median age 33\u2009years (Q1\u2013Q3, 26\u201341). Complete agreement between patient\u2010reported and confirmed drug exposures was 14.3% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009293). Agreement between reported and confirmed NPS exposure was poor (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.38). 1522 (74.5%) had more drugs detected than reported. Older age (OR 1.03 [CI 1.02, 1.04]) was associated with higher odds of discrepancy. Attendance from a licensed venue (OR 0.44 [CI 0.28, 0.70]) and Glasgow Coma Scale of 13\u201315 (OR 0.44 [CI 0.33, 0.57]) were associated with lower odds.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poor agreement between patient\u2010reported and analytically confirmed drug exposure highlights the need for continued partnerships between EDs, clinical toxicologists, and forensic laboratories to identify substances involved in acute intoxications and support public health and harm reduction responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:31:02Z","timestamp":1781584262000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Accuracy of Patient\u2010Reported Exposure to New\u00a0Psychoactive Substances and Other Illicit Drugs in Australian Emergency Departments: Findings From the Emerging Drugs Network of Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9233-3215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjan J.","family":"Nijmeijer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute Care University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0398-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, The University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1868-153X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research  Perth Australia"},{"name":"East Metropolitan Health Service  Perth Australia"},{"name":"School of Population and Global Health The University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bas W. J.","family":"Bens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute Care University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9414-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Fatovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, The University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research  Perth Australia"},{"name":"East Metropolitan Health Service  Perth Australia"},{"name":"Emergency Medicine Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7423-2467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun L.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine Austin Hospital  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Poisons Information Centre, Austin Health  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8870-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Monash Addiction Research Centre, Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2765-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Dessauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peer Based Harm Reduction WA  Perth Australia"},{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre UNSW Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8109-164X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekka","family":"Syrjanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Poisons Information Centre, Austin Health  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1176-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine Z.","family":"Isoardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Unit Princess Alexandra Hospital  Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0724-1088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Unit Princess Alexandra Hospital  Brisbane Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2226-7887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Alfred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Adelaide Hospital  Adelaide Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Adelaide  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8890-1457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viet","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Hobart Hospital, Tasmanian Health Service  Hobart Australia"},{"name":"Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania  Hobart Australia"},{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania  Hobart Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1462-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewoud","family":"ter Avest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute Care University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"},{"name":"London's Air Ambulance  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789211594850"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Current NPS Threats (Volume VII)","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32231-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13825"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01299-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103430"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00273-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789211065534"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsacl.2025.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125320967197"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"A Study Comparing Self\u2010Reported Drugs and Results of an Immunoassay Test in Serum Samples in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Acute Recreational Drug","volume":"11","author":"ElMehy A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2022.2131566"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2024.2402070"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000606"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2023.2273770"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13839"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","unstructured":"Australasian College for Emergency Medicine \u201cPolicy on the Australasian Triage Scale 2013 \u201dhttps:\/\/acem.org.au\/Content\u2010Sources\/Advancing\u2010Emergency\u2010Medicine\/Better\u2010Outcomes\u2010for\u2010Patients\/Triage."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471445428.ch18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009784"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","volume-title":"Illicit Drug Use","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13846"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02564.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.70308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13940"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2022.2137524"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2020.1785488"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104245"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70086"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","volume-title":"Drug Alerts","author":"Victorian Department of Health","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","volume-title":"Drug Alert Notice: Protonitazene","author":"Aboriginal Health Council of South Australia","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282215"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15734"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01374-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14115"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1111\/dar.70217","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000}}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.70193","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/dar.70193","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/dar.70193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:19:20Z","timestamp":1785752360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/dar.70193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/dar.70193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.70193","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236","1465-3362"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3362","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70193"}}